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首页> 外文期刊>Catena: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Soil Science Hydrology-Geomorphology Focusing on Geoecology and Landscape Evolution >Investigating Neolithic land use in Swifterbant (NL) using micromorphological techniques. (Special Issue: Developments in international geoarchaeology)
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Investigating Neolithic land use in Swifterbant (NL) using micromorphological techniques. (Special Issue: Developments in international geoarchaeology)

机译：使用微形态学技术调查Swifterbant（NL）中的新石器时代土地利用。 （特刊：国际地球考古学的发展）

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In the Swifterbant area in The Netherlands, a complete Neolithic landscape is preserved, buried in a wetland environment. A dozen sites (dating from ca. 4300-4000 cal. BC) on levees of a former creek system are characterized by a black layer containing large amounts of carbonized plant remains, burnt bone, flint and pottery. These sites are usually interpreted as occupation sites with accumulated refuse of a society in transition from a Mesolithic to a Neolithic lifestyle (hunting and herding), in an area that was too wet for crops. In the context of a new research campaign in the area, we investigated the site- and land-use on two locations (S2 and S4) using micromorphological techniques. On S2, the soil matrix in the archaeological horizon has a heterogeneous, non-sedimentary appearance due to the ubiquitous presence of rounded and subrounded aggregates. These aggregates indicate that the sediment was disturbed after deposition, but it is unclear by what human activity. This disturbance is not restricted to the archaeological site horizon, but extends also into the under- and overlying layers. On S4, three layers can be distinguished. Only the lower and central parts are usually regarded as archaeological layers. The lower layer shows thorough mixing of the (partly decalcified) groundmass and the incorporation of anthropogenic materials (carbonized plant remains, burnt bone, etc.). Most probably, the thorough mixing is a result of tillage. The central layer consists of thinly laminated phytoliths and carbonized plant remains with ample fragments of (burnt) bone, angular sediment clods and some dog coprolites. Mineral sediments are absent. Apparently, the layer was formed by human activities that resulted in a massive accumulation of burnt organic materials and anthropogenic debris. The preservation of the micro-layering formed by phytoliths and carbonized is remarkable, since trampling would have deformed or disturbed the layering. The surprising conclusion therefore has to be that this location was not the main settlement area - as was implicitly thought until now. Rather, the area should be interpreted as a location where specific activities resulted in the accumulation of burnt plant material, e.g. a waste dump. The upper layer again has indications of anthropogenic soil disturbance. Samples from the basin adjacent to the levee site show sediments that are deformed by trampling. The transition of the site to the channel shows no signs of trampling, but rather interfingering of site layers with channel sediments. Lack of trampling in the central zone of S4 and the adjacent channel shore is at odds with the classical interpretation that the site represents a settlement area. The black layers that up till now were thought to encompass a complete settlement, could very well be a very prominent part of larger sites with remains of human activities during the Neolithic.
机译：在荷兰的Swifterbant地区，保留了完整的新石器时代景观，并将其埋在湿地环境中。在前一条小河系统的堤坝上，有十几个地点（建于公元前4300-4000 cal。），其特征是黑色的一层含有大量碳化的植物残骸，烧焦的骨头，fl石和陶器。这些场所通常被解释为在一个潮湿的地区，从中石器时代过渡到新石器时代的生活方式（狩猎和放牧）的社会堆积垃圾的占领场所。在该地区的一项新研究活动的背景下，我们使用微观形态学技术调查了两个地点（S2和S4）的场地和土地利用。在S2上，由于普遍存在圆形和亚圆形的聚集体，考古视野中的土壤基质具有异质，非沉积的外观。这些聚集体表明沉积后沉积物受到干扰，但是尚不清楚人类活动是什么。这种干扰不仅限于考古现场，而且还扩展到底层和上层。在S4上，可以区分三层。通常仅将下部和中部视为考古层。下层显示出（部分脱钙的）地面物质的充分混合以及人为物质（碳化的植物残骸，烧掉的骨头等）的掺入。彻底混合很可能是耕种的结果。中间层由薄薄的层状石板和碳化的植物残骸组成，残骸有充足的（燃烧的）骨头碎片，角状沉积物块和一些狗粪。没有矿物沉积物。显然，该层是由人类活动形成的，导致大量的燃烧有机物质和人为碎片堆积。由于践踏会变形或扰乱该层，因此保留了由硅藻土形成并碳化的微层非常显着。因此，令人惊讶的结论是该位置不是主要的定居区-直到现在为止还被隐含地认为。相反，该区域应解释为特定活动导致燃烧植物材料积累的位置，例如垃圾场。上层又有人为土壤扰动的迹象。邻近堤坝地点的盆地样品显示出由于践踏而变形的沉积物。场地向河道的过渡没有被践踏的迹象，而只是指地层与河道沉积物相互干涉。在S4的中心区域和相邻的河道岸边没有被践踏的现象与该地点代表定居点的经典解释不一致。到现在为止，被认为涵盖了完整定居点的黑色层很可能是新石器时代人类活动遗留的较大遗址的一个非常重要的部分。

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