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首页> 外文期刊>Catena: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Soil Science Hydrology-Geomorphology Focusing on Geoecology and Landscape Evolution >Penetration resistance of biological soil crusts and its dynamics after crust removal: Relationships with runoff and soil detachment
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Penetration resistance of biological soil crusts and its dynamics after crust removal: Relationships with runoff and soil detachment

机译：生物土壤结皮的抗渗透性及其去除结垢后的动力学：与径流和土壤脱离的关系

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摘要

Soil sealing and crusting are common, widespread processes in arid and semiarid soils that strongly affect runoff and erosion. In these soils, biological soil crusts (BSCs) are an essential surface component known to have an important role in water processes, and are also strong erosion protection agents. However, these crusts are also highly vulnerable to disturbances, which seriously affect their pedological and ecological roles. The aims of this study were to examine whether penetration resistance (PR) depends on BSC developmental stage and how removal of BSCs affects PR, under dry and wet soil conditions, and to analyse the relationship between PR and runoff and soil detachment in these soils. This research was conducted in two semiarid ecosystems representative of crusting processes in SE Spain (El Cautivo and Las Amoladeras, Almeria province). Four pairs of plots containing the main BSC types identified at both sites were selected and two treatments were considered, one in each plot in the pair: i) unaltered BSC and ii) BSC removal by scraping. Two intense rainfall simulation experiments were performed one after another in these plots. Runoff was measured during both, and water samples were collected for further determination of sediment yield. PR was measured in undisturbed BSC and scalped soil on dry soil prior to rainfall, on wet soil after the first and second rainfalls, and on dry soil seven months after BSC removal. Crust PR was higher at Las Amoladeras (3.13 +/- 0.54 kg cm(-2)) than at El Cautivo (1.52 +/- 0.74 kg cm(-2)) due to soil compaction from trampling by livestock in the former. PR varied with BSC development, with less developed cyanobacteria BSCs showing higher resistance (under dry and wet conditions) than more developed lichen BSCs. BSC removal was followed by the formation of a new seal (physical crust) upon raining, which however, did not result in increased PR. No significant relationship was found between PR and runoff, but there was a weak negative relationship between PR and soil detachment, because in BSCs, which had higher PRs, soil detachment rates were much lower than in recently scalped soils. Seven months after BSC removal, PR was significantly higher in scalped soils than for undisturbed BSCs. Our results show that PR was not a good indicator of hydrological and soil detachment response of BSCs or the soil sealing during rain immediately after BSC removal, but it was a good indicator of physical soil crust formation in scalped soils over time. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：在干旱和半干旱的土壤中，土壤封闭和结皮是普遍且普遍的过程，会严重影响径流和侵蚀。在这些土壤中，生物土壤结皮（BSC）是已知的必不可少的表面成分，在水处理过程中起着重要作用，并且还是强力的防腐蚀剂。但是，这些地壳也极易受到干扰，从而严重影响其地貌和生态作用。这项研究的目的是研究在干湿土壤条件下，抗渗透性（PR）是否取决于BSC的发育阶段以及BSC的去除如何影响PR，并分析这些土壤中PR与径流和土壤脱离之间的关系。这项研究是在代表西班牙东南部结壳过程的两个半干旱生态系统中进行的（阿尔梅里亚省El Cautivo和Las Amoladeras）。选择在两处都鉴定出的包含主要BSC类型的四对样地，并考虑两种处理方法，一对中的每个样地：i）未改变的BSC和ii）通过刮除去除BSC。在这些图中，一个接一个地进行了两次强降雨模拟实验。在这两个过程中都测量了径流量，并收集了水样以进一步确定沉积物的产量。在未受干扰的BSC和降雨之前的干土，第一次和第二次降雨后的湿土以及BSC去除后七个月的干土上，对PR土壤进行了PR测定。 Las Amoladeras（3.13 +/- 0.54 kg cm（-2））的地壳PR高于El Cautivo（1.52 +/- 0.74 kg cm（-2）），这是由于前者牲畜践踏造成的土壤压实。 PR随BSC的发展而变化，与较发达的地衣BSC相比，较不发达的蓝细菌BSC表现出较高的抗药性（在干燥和潮湿条件下）。去除BSC之后，在下雨时形成新的密封层（物理结皮），但这并没有导致PR升高。在PR与径流之间没有发现显着的关系，但是在PR与土壤脱离之间存在弱的负相关关系，因为在具有较高PR的BSC中，土壤脱离率远低于最近剥落的土壤。去除BSC七个月后，剥头皮土壤中的PR明显高于未受干扰的BSC。我们的结果表明，PR不能很好地指示BSC去除后立即发生的BSC的水文和土壤脱离反应或土壤密闭的良好指示，但它可以作为剥落土壤随时间推移物理地壳形成的良好指示。 （C）2014 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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