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Spatial Structure of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Its Functional Significance

机译：植物细胞壁多糖的空间结构及其功能意义

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摘要

Plant polysaccharides comprise the major portion of organic matter in the biosphere. The cell wall built on the basis of polysaccharides is the key feature of a plant organism largely determining its biology. All together, around 10 types of polysaccharide backbones, which can be decorated by different substituents giving rise to endless diversity of carbohydrate structures, are present in cell walls of higher plants. Each of the numerous cell types present in plants has cell wall with specific parameters, the features of which mostly arise from the structure of polymeric components. The structure of polysaccharides is not directly encoded by the genome and has variability in many parameters (molecular weight, length, and location of side chains, presence of modifying groups, etc.). The extent of such variability is limited by the "functional fitting" of the polymer, which is largely based on spatial organization of the polysaccharide and its ability to form supramolecular complexes of an appropriate type. Consequently, the carrier of the functional specificity is not the certain molecular structure but the certain type of the molecules having a certain degree of heterogeneity. This review summarizes the data on structural features of plant cell wall polysaccharides, considers formation of supramolecular complexes, gives examples of tissue-and stage-specific polysaccharides and functionally significant carbohydrate—carbohydrate interactions in plant cell wall, and presents approaches to analyze the spatial structure of polysaccharides and their complexes.
机译：植物多糖构成生物圈中有机物质的主要部分。基于多糖构建的细胞壁是很大程度上决定其生物学功能的植物生物的关键特征。总之，高等植物的细胞壁中存在大约十种类型的多糖主链，它们可以由不同的取代基修饰，从而导致碳水化合物结构的无穷多样性。植物中存在的众多细胞类型中的每一种都具有带有特定参数的细胞壁，其特征主要来自聚合物成分的结构。多糖的结构不是由基因组直接编码的，并且在许多参数（分子量，长度和侧链的位置，修饰基团的存在等）中具有可变性。这种可变性的程度受到聚合物的“功能拟合”的限制，这主要是基于多糖的空间组织及其形成合适类型的超分子复合物的能力。因此，功能特异性的载体不是特定的分子结构而是具有一定程度的异质性的特定分子类型。这篇综述总结了有关植物细胞壁多糖结构特征的数据，考虑了超分子复合物的形成，给出了组织和阶段特异性多糖以及植物细胞壁中功能性重要的碳水化合物与碳水化合物相互作用的例子，并提出了分析空间结构的方法多糖及其复合物。

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