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首页> 外文期刊>Biochemistry >Alternative Oxidase: Distribution, Induction, Properties, Structure, Regulation, and Functions
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Alternative Oxidase: Distribution, Induction, Properties, Structure, Regulation, and Functions

机译：替代氧化酶：分布，诱导，性质，结构，调节和功能

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The respiratory chain in the majority of organisms with aerobic type metabolism features the concomitant existence of the phosphorylating cytochrome pathway and the cyanide-and antimycin A-insensitive oxidative route comprising a so-called alternative oxidase (AOX) as a terminal oxidase. In this review the history of AOX discovery is described. Considerable evidence is presented that AOX occurs widely in organisms at various levels of organization and is not confined to the plant kingdom. This enzyme has not been found only in Archaea, mammals, some yeasts and protists. Bioinformatics research revealed the sequences characteristic of AOX in representatives of various taxonomic groups. Based on multiple alignments of these sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer their possible evolution. The ways of AOX activation, as well as regulatory interactions between AOX and the main respiratory chain are described. Data are summarized concerning the properties of AOX and the AOX-encoding genes whose expression is either constitutive or induced by various factors. Information is presented on the structure of AOX, its active center, and the ubiquinone-binding site. The principal functions of AOX are analyzed, including the cases of cell survival, optimization of respiratory metabolism, protection against excess of reactive oxygen species, and adaptation to variable nutrition sources and to biotic and abiotic stress factors. It is emphasized that different AOX functions complement each other in many instances and are not mutually exclusive. Examples are given to demonstrate that AOX is an important tool to overcome the adverse aftereffects of restricted activity of the main respiratory chain in cells and whole animals. This is the first comprehensive review on alternative oxidases of various organisms ranging from yeasts and protists to vascular plants.
机译：在大多数具有需氧型代谢的生物体中，呼吸链的特征是伴随着磷酸化细胞色素途径以及氰化物和抗霉素A不敏感的氧化途径的存在，该途径包括所谓的替代氧化酶（AOX）作为末端氧化酶。在这篇综述中，描述了AOX发现的历史。大量证据表明，AOX广泛存在于组织中各个层次的生物中，而不仅限于植物界。不仅在古细菌，哺乳动物，某些酵母和原生生物中还没有发现这种酶。生物信息学研究揭示了各种生物分类群代表中AOX的序列特征。基于这些序列的多重比对，构建了系统发育树以推断其可能的进化。描述了AOX活化的方式，以及AOX与主要呼吸链之间的调节相互作用。汇总了有关AOX和AOX编码基因特性的数据，这些基因的表达是组成性的或由多种因素诱导的。提供有关AOX的结构，其活性中心和泛醌结合位点的信息。分析了AOX的主要功能，包括细胞存活，优化呼吸代谢，防止活性氧过剩以及适应各种营养来源以及生物和非生物胁迫因素的情况。要强调的是，不同的AOX功能在许多情况下是相辅相成的，而不是相互排斥的。实例表明，AOX是克服细胞和整个动物中主要呼吸链活动受限的不良后果的重要工具。这是对从酵母，原生生物到维管植物等各种生物的替​​代氧化酶的全面综述。

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