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Drugs of abuse and human placenta.

机译：滥用药物和人类胎盘。

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Drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines, when used by pregnant women, exert deleterious effects on the fetus. These drugs produce their effects through inhibition of the serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter. The inhibition can occur in the pregnant mother as well as in the fetus. These events contribute to the detrimental effects of these drugs on the fetus. However, the role of placenta, which serves as the link between the pregnant mother and the fetus, in the process remains understudied. It has been assumed that the placenta did not play any direct role in the process except that it allowed the passage of these drugs from maternal circulation into fetal circulation. This was before the discovery that the placenta expresses two of the three monoamine transporters. The serotonin transporter and the norepinephrine transporter are expressed on the maternal-facing side of the syncytiotrophoblast, thus exposed to the inhibitory actions of cocaine and amphetamines if present in maternal blood. Inhibition of these transporters in the placenta could lead to elevation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the intervillous space that may cause uterine contraction and vasoconstriction, resulting in premature delivery, decreased placental blood flow, and intrauterine growth retardation. Thus, the placenta is actually a direct target for these abusable drugs. Since the placental serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter are also inhibited by many antidepressants, therapeutic use of these drugs in pregnant women may have similar detrimental effects on placental function and fetal growth and development.
机译：孕妇使用可卡因和苯丙胺等滥用药物会对胎儿产生有害影响。这些药物通过抑制5-羟色胺转运蛋白，去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白和多巴胺转运蛋白发挥作用。该抑制作用可发生在怀孕的母亲以及胎儿中。这些事件导致这些药物对胎儿的有害作用。然而，胎盘在怀孕过程中与胎儿之间的联系仍未得到充分研究。据推测，胎盘在该过程中没有任何直接作用，只是它允许这些药物从母体循环进入胎儿循环。在发现胎盘表达三种单胺转运蛋白中的两种之前。血清素转运蛋白和去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白表达在合体滋养层细胞的产妇一侧，因此暴露于母体血液中可卡因和苯丙胺的抑制作用。这些转运蛋白在胎盘中的抑制作用可能导致绒毛间隙中5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素升高，从而引起子宫收缩和血管收缩，导致早产，胎盘血流量减少和子宫内发育迟缓。因此，胎盘实际上是这些可滥用药物的直接靶标。由于胎盘5-羟色胺转运蛋白和去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白也被许多抗抑郁药抑制，因此这些药物在孕妇中的治疗用途可能对胎盘功能和胎儿生长发育有类似的有害作用。

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