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首页> 外文期刊>Life sciences >Evidence of apoptotic effects of 2,4-D and butachlor on walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, by transmission electron microscopy and DNA degradation studies.
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Evidence of apoptotic effects of 2,4-D and butachlor on walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, by transmission electron microscopy and DNA degradation studies.

机译：通过透射电子显微镜和DNA降解研究证明了2,4-D和丁草胺对walking鱼（Clarias batrachus）的凋亡作用。

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Apoptosis or programmed cell death is characterized morphologically by chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, fragmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, and consequently formation of apoptotic bodies. It has also been best characterized by the cleavage of DNA into nucleosomal size fragments of 180-200 bp or multiples of the same. Contrary to this, under extreme conditions, the cells were found to show adaptive response to apoptosis and unable to regulate their own death; necrosis is therefore predominantly observed. In the present study, we showed induction of apoptosis in Clarias batrachus due to sublethal concentration of 2,4-D and butachlor at multiple exposure time. The first phase of the study involved light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructural abnormalities of the germinal tissues. While, in the second phase of the study, DNA degradation of blood and hepatic tissue was resolved on agarose gel electrophoresis. In histopathological studies, large numbers of stage II oocytes were noted for nuclear blebbing irrespective of the test chemical. Some of the butachlor-exposed oocytes showed vacuolation and electron dense cytoplasm along with thickened nuclear envelope, having close association with the lysosomes on the cytoplasmic side. Some oocytes undergo nuclear blebbing having inner dense core and translucent cytoplasm. Leydig cells were slightly hypertrophied and few appeared pycnotic, a process involving necrotic changes in which the cell nuclei were characterized by rounding up and condensation resulting in hyperchromatic staining or pycnosis. In testicular tissue, spermatogonial nuclei had irregular large clumps of heterochromatin adjoining the nuclear membrane indicating initial stage of apoptotic cell death. Electrophoretic separation resulted in a ladder pattern of blood DNA and smear like pattern of hepatic DNA. These results indicate that the above herbicides are able to induce apoptosis both at molecular as well as cytological level. A reference dose or safety factor approach to calculate risk of human exposure to both chemicals is still awaited.
机译：凋亡或程序性细胞死亡的形态学特征是染色质浓缩，细胞萎缩，细胞核和细胞质碎裂，并因此形成凋亡小体。它的最佳特征还在于将DNA切割成180-200 bp的核小体大小片段或多个片段。与此相反，在极端条件下，发现细胞显示出对凋亡的适应性反应并且不能调节自身死亡。因此主要观察到坏死。在本研究中，我们显示了由于在多次暴露时间下亚致死浓度的2，4-D和丁草胺而导致了非洲胡子Cl的凋亡。该研究的第一阶段涉及生发组织超微结构异常的光学显微镜（LM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）。在第二阶段的研究中，琼脂糖凝胶电泳解决了血液和肝组织的DNA降解问题。在组织病理学研究中，无论测试化学品如何，都注意到大量II期卵母细胞发生核起泡。一些暴露于丁草胺的卵母细胞显示出空泡化和电子致密细胞质，以及核包膜增厚，与细胞质侧的溶酶体密切相关。一些卵母细胞经历核起泡，具有内部密集的核和半透明的细胞质。睾丸间质细胞略有肥大，几乎没有出现脓毒症，这是一个涉及坏死性变化的过程，其中细胞核的特征是四舍五入和浓缩，从而导致增色性染色或脓毒症。在睾丸组织中，精原细胞核具有不规则的大块异染色质团块，邻接核膜，表明凋亡细胞死亡的初始阶段。电泳分离导致血液DNA呈阶梯状，肝DNA呈涂片状。这些结果表明上述除草剂能够在分子和细胞学水平上诱导细胞凋亡。仍需要参考剂量或安全系数方法来计算人类接触两种化学物质的风险。

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