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首页> 外文期刊>Life sciences >Rap1 GTPases: an emerging role in the cardiovasculature.
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Rap1 GTPases: an emerging role in the cardiovasculature.

机译：Rap1 GTPases：在心血管系统中的新兴角色。

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摘要

The Ras related GTPase Rap has been implicated in multiple cellular functions. A vital role for Rap GTPase in the cardiovasculature is emerging from recent studies. These small monomeric G proteins act as molecular switches, coupling extracellular stimulation to intracellular signaling through second messengers. This member of the Ras superfamily was once described as the transformation suppressor with the ability to ameliorate the Ras transformed phenotype; however, further studies uncovered a unique set of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and effector proteins for Rap suggesting a more sophisticated role for this small GTPase. At least three different second messengers can activate Rap, namely cyclic AMP (cAMP), calcium and diacylglycerol. More recently, an investigation of Rap in the cardiovasculature has revealed multiple pathways of regulation involving Rap in this system. Two closely related isoforms of Rap1 exist, 1a and 1b. Murine genetic models exist for both and have been described. Although thought at first to be functionally redundant, these isoforms have differing roles in the cardiovasculature. The activation of Rap1a and 1b in various cell types of the cardiovasculature leads to alterations in cell attachment, migration and cell junction formation. This review will focus on the role of these Rap1 GTPases in hematopoietic, endothelial, smooth muscle, and cardiac myocyte function, and conclude with their potential role in human disease.
机译：与Ras相关的GTPase Rap与多种细胞功能有关。最近的研究表明，Rap GTPase在心血管系统中起着至关重要的作用。这些小的单体G蛋白充当分子开关，通过第二信使将细胞外刺激与细胞内信号传导耦合。 Ras超家族的这个成员曾经被描述为具有抑制Ras转化表型的能力的转化抑制剂。然而，进一步的研究发现了独特的鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子（GEFs），GTPase活化蛋白（GAPs）和Rap效应蛋白，这表明该小GTPase的作用更为复杂。至少三个不同的第二信使可以激活Rap，即环AMP（cAMP），钙和二酰基甘油。最近，对心脏血管中Rap的研究揭示了在该系统中涉及Rap的多种调节途径。 Rap1的两个密切相关的同工型分别是1a和1b。鼠的遗传模型都存在并且已经被描述。尽管起初认为这些同工型在功能上是多余的，但它们在心血管系统中的作用不同。 Rap1a和1b在各种类型的心血管系统中的激活导致细胞附着，迁移和细胞连接形成的改变。这篇综述将集中在这些Rap1 GTPases在造血，内皮，平滑肌和心肌细胞功能中的作用，并总结它们在人类疾病中的潜在作用。

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