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Immunocytochemical markers of neuronal maturation in human diagnostic neuropathology

机译：诊断性神经病理学中神经元成熟的免疫细胞化学标记

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摘要

Histological descriptions of morphogenesis in human fetal brain and in malformations and tumours can now be supplemented by the timing and sequence of the maturation of individual neurons. In human neuropathology, this is principally achieved by immunocytochemical reactivities used as maturational markers of neuronal properties denoted by molecules and cell products. Cytological markers can appear early and then regress, often being replaced by more mature molecules, or might not exhibit the onset of immunoreactivity until a certain stage of neuronal differentiation is achieved, some early, others intermediate and some late during the maturational process. Inter-specific differences occur in some structures of the brain. The classification of markers of neuronal maturation can be based, in addition to those mentioned above, on several criteria: cytological localisation, water solubility, biochemical nature of the antigen, specificity and various technical factors. The most useful immunocytochemical markers of neuronal maturation in human neuropathology are NeuN, synaptophysin, calretinin and other calcium-binding molecules, various microtubule-associated proteins and chromogranins. Non-antibody histochemical stains that denote maturational processes include luxol fast blue for myelination, acridine orange fluorochrome for nucleic acids, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and argentophilic impregnations. Neural crest derivatives of the peripheral nervous system, including chromaffin and neuroendocrine cells, have special features that are shared and others that differ greatly between lineages. Other techniques used in human diagnostic neuropathology, particularly as applied to tumours, include chromosomal and genetic analyses, the mTOR signalling pathway, BRAF V600E and other tumour-suppressor gene products, transcription products of developmental genes and the proliferation index of the tumour cells and of mitotic neuroepithelial cells.
机译：现在可以通过单个神经元成熟的时间和顺序来补充人胎脑以及畸形和肿瘤中形态发生的组织学描述。在人类神经病理学中，这主要是通过免疫细胞化学反应来实现的，该反应被用作分子和细胞产物表示的神经元特性的成熟标记。细胞学标记物可以先出现然后消退，经常被更成熟的分子所取代，或者在成熟过程中，在达到神经元分化的某个阶段之前可能表现出免疫反应性，某些阶段是早期的，其他阶段是中间的，某些阶段是后期。种间差异发生在大脑的某些结构中。除上述那些标记外，神经元成熟标记的分类还可以基于几个标准：细胞学定位，水溶性，抗原的生化性质，特异性和各种技术因素。在人类神经病理学中，神经元成熟最有用的免疫细胞化学标记是NeuN，突触素，钙调蛋白和其他钙结合分子，各种微管相关蛋白和嗜铬粒蛋白。表示成熟过程的非抗体组织化学污渍包括用于髓鞘形成的luxol固蓝，用于核酸的a啶橙荧光染料，线粒体呼吸链酶和亲银性浸渍。周围神经系统的神经rest衍生物，包括嗜铬菌素和神经内分泌细胞，具有共有的特殊特征，而其他世系之间存在很大差异。人类诊断神经病理学中使用的其他技术，特别是应用于肿瘤的技术，包括染色体和遗传分析，mTOR信号通路，BRAF V600E和其他肿瘤抑制基因产物，发育基因的转录产物以及肿瘤细胞和癌细胞的增殖指数。有丝分裂神经上皮细胞。

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