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A multi-lake study of seasonal variation in lake surface evaporation using MODIS satellite-derived surface temperature

机译：利用MODIS卫星推算的地表温度对湖面蒸发季节变化的多湖研究。

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摘要

Knowledge of the evaporative loss from lakes and reservoirs is critical to water resources managers as well as to the overall understanding of the water balance in a given basin, geographical region, or continent. Existing methods for ascertaining evaporation from lakes and reservoirs include point measurements, water balance and mass transfer calculations, and proxy measurements using a pan. Point measurements using the eddy flux covariance method can be accurate, but are resource intensive and unsuited for determining spatial variation over a lake, or for obtaining measurements over many lakes. Mass balance methods cannot provide spatial variability and their accuracy depends on other portions of the water balance that can be challenging to obtain, such as leakage. Similarly, relatively recently deployed scintillation methods provide only an average for a strip across a lake and are also resource intensive and not suited for multi-lake studies. Evaporation pan measurements can also be used, though their accuracy is poor. Herein, we use a combination of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite measurements of water surface temperature, measurements of wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity from local NWS stations, and a mass transfer method, to demonstrate multi-lake evaporation measurements. Specifically, the seasonal variation in evaporation is obtained for the five major lakes in the Savannah River Basin (in South Carolina, USA): Lakes Jocassee, Keowee, Hartwell, Russell, and Thurmond. Since this approach requires only an existing satellite resource with global coverage and existing NWS stations, this method can potentially be ported to any lake where there is a nearby meteorology station. Hence, this method could be used by both water resource managers and limnologists alike. The possibility is discussed of extending this approach beyond a single basin to encompass an entire geographical region or continent.
机译：了解湖泊和水库的蒸发损失对于水资源管理者以及对给定流域，地理区域或大陆的水平衡的总体了解至关重要。确定从湖泊和水库蒸发的现有方法包括点测量，水平衡和传质计算以及使用锅的代理测量。使用涡流协方差方法进行的点测量可能是准确的，但会占用大量资源，因此不适合确定整个湖泊的空间变化或获取许多湖泊的测量值。质量平衡方法无法提供空间可变性，其准确性取决于水平衡的其他部分，这些部分可能很难获得，例如泄漏。类似地，相对较新部署的闪烁方法仅提供跨湖的一条带的平均值，并且也是资源密集型的，因此不适合用于多湖研究。尽管其准确性很差，但也可以使用蒸发锅测量。在此，我们结合使用中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）进行的水表面温度测量，风速，空气温度和本地NWS站相对湿度的测量以及传质方法的结合，以演示多湖蒸发测量。具体而言，获得萨凡纳河流域（美国南卡罗来纳州）的五个主要湖泊的蒸发季节变化：乔卡西湖，基奥韦湖，哈特威尔湖，罗素湖和瑟蒙德湖。由于此方法仅需要具有全球覆盖范围的现有卫星资源和现有的NWS站，因此该方法可以潜在地移植到附近有气象站的任何湖泊。因此，水资源管理者和林学家都可以使用这种方法。讨论了将这种方法扩展到单个盆地以外以涵盖整个地理区域或整个大陆的可能性。

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