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The stem cells of the neural crest.

机译：神经rest的干细胞。

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In the vertebrate embryo, the neurectodermal neural crest cells (NCC) have remarkably broad potencies, giving rise, after a migratory phase, to neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, and to skin melanocytes, being all designated here as "neural" derivatives. NC-derived cells also include non-neural, "mesenchymal" cell types like chondrocytes and bone cells, myofibroblasts and adipocytes, which largely contribute to the head structures in amniotes. Similar to the blood cell system, the NC is therefore a valuable model to investigate the mechanisms of cell lineage diversification in vertebrates. Whether NCC are endowed with multiple differentiation potentials or if, conversely, they are a mosaic of different committed cells is an important ongoing issue to understand the ontogeny of NC derivatives in normal development and pathological conditions. Here we focus on recent findings that established the presence in the early migratory NC of the avian embryo, of a multipotent progenitor endowed with both mesenchymal and neural differentiation capacities. This "mesenchymal-neural" clonogenic cell lies upstream of all the other NC progenitors known so far and shows increased frequency when single cell cultures are treated with the Sonic Hedgehog signaling molecule. These findings are discussed in the context of the broad potentials of NC stem cells recently evidenced in certain adult mammalian tissues.
机译：在脊椎动物胚胎中，神经胚层神经rest细胞（NCC）具有显着的潜能，在迁移阶段后，会引起周围神经系统中的神经元和神经胶质细胞以及皮肤黑素细胞，在这里都称为“神经”。衍生品。 NC衍生的细胞还包括非神经性“间充质”细胞类型，例如软骨细胞和骨细胞，成肌纤维细胞和脂肪细胞，它们在羊膜动物的头部结构中起很大作用。因此，类似于血细胞系统，NC是研究脊椎动物细胞谱系多样化机制的有价值的模型。 NCC是否具有多重分化潜能，或者相反地，它们是否是不同定殖细胞的镶嵌体，是理解正常发育和病理条件下NC衍生物的本体论的一个重要的持续性问题。在这里，我们集中于最近的发现，这些发现建立了具有间充质和神经分化能力的多能祖细胞在鸟类胚胎的早期迁徙NC中的存在。这种“间充质-神经”克隆形成细胞位于迄今为止已知的所有其他NC祖细胞的上游，并且在用Sonic Hedgehog信号分子处理单细胞培养物时显示出增加的频率。在某些成年哺乳动物组织中最近证实的NC干细胞的广泛潜力的背景下讨论了这些发现。

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