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Weaning - A challenge to gut physiologists

机译：断奶-对肠道生理学家的挑战

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The aim of this paper is to review the most relevant findings obtained over the last four years on the physiology, microbiology and immunology of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs as influenced by weaning and nutrition in the post-weaning period through the action of feed components or alternative substances to in-feed antibiotics. In recent years, some light has been shed on the physiology of the stomach, including motility, gastric emptying and acid secretion. This organ is important in the control of pathogen entry into the intestines. Recent studies on basic intestinal physiology around weaning have been scarce. Most investigations have been devoted to nutritional approaches on the effects of diet components (e.g. protein, fibre, etc.) and alternative substances (e.g. organic acids, zinc, prebiotics, probiotics, other substances of animal or plant origins) on pig performance and various aspects of gastrointestinal tract physiology, microbiology and immunology. Among these, beneficial effects of some organic acids have been confirmed. Additional data with zinc sources include possible mechanisms of protection. Overall it appears that manipulating carbohydrate (prebiotic) composition of the weaning diet may be the most promising way to improve gut health in weaned piglets. In that respect, consistent results have been obtained with lactose supplementation, and interactions with other feed constituents have been studied. Significant positive results have also been produced with probiotics (bacteria, yeasts) fed to the piglets or to the sows. The major parts of the responses appear to be mediated through changes in gastrointestinal microbiology, including enhanced numbers of favourable bacteria (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria) and/or decreased numbers of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coh, Clostridia, etc.) together with more favourable profiles of fermentation products along the intestines. In contrast, measurable effects of these dietary factors on intestinal physiology and mucosal immunology have been limited or difficult to interpret in many cases. Finally, investigations have been conducted with varying diet composition (other than carbohydrates: protein source or level, amino acids, etc) or supplementing with different substances of animal or plant origin. However, positive effects on the gut have often been more variable and sometimes inconsistent. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
机译：本文的目的是回顾近四年来在断奶后由于饲料成分或饲料的作用而受到断奶和营养影响的猪胃肠道的生理，微生物学和免疫学方面最相关的发现。饲料中抗生素的替代物质。近年来，人们对胃的生理学有了一些了解，包括运动性，胃排空和酸分泌。该器官在控制病原体进入肠道中很重要。关于断奶前后基本肠道生理的最新研究很少。大多数研究致力于日粮成分（例如蛋白质，纤维等）和替代物质（例如有机酸，锌，益生元，益生菌，其他动植物来源的物质）对猪生产性能和各种影响的营养方法。胃肠道生理学，微生物学和免疫学方面。其中，已证实某些有机酸的有益作用。锌源的其他数据包括可能的保护机制。总的来说，控制断奶日粮中碳水化合物（益生元）的组成可能是改善断奶仔猪肠道健康的最有前途的方法。在这方面，补充乳糖已获得一致的结果，并且已研究了与其他饲料成分的相互作用。饲喂仔猪或母猪的益生菌（细菌，酵母菌）也产生了明显的积极效果。响应的主要部分似乎是通过胃肠道微生物学的变化来介导的，包括增加有利细菌（乳酸杆菌，双歧杆菌）的数量和/或减少潜在病原细菌（大肠杆菌，梭菌等）的数量以及更有利的特征。沿肠的发酵产物。相反，在许多情况下，这些饮食因素对肠道生理学和粘膜免疫学的可测量作用是有限的或难以解释的。最后，已经对各种饮食组成（碳水化合物除外：蛋白质来源或水平，氨基酸等）或补充了不同动植物来源的物质进行了研究。但是，对肠道的积极影响通常变化更大，有时甚至不一致。 （c）2007 Elsevier B.V保留所有权利。

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