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A review of the physics of ice surface friction and the development of ice skating

机译：冰面摩擦的物理学综述及滑冰的发展

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Our walking and running movement patterns require friction between shoes and ground. The surface of ice is characterised by low friction in several naturally occurring conditions, and compromises our typical locomotion pattern. Ice skates take advantage of this slippery nature of ice; the first ice skates were made more than 4000 years ago, and afforded the development of a very efficient form of human locomotion. This review presents an overview of the physics of ice surface friction, and discusses the most relevant factors that can influence ice skates dynamic friction coefficient. It also presents the main stages in the development of ice skating, describes the associated implications for exercise physiology, and shows the extent to which ice skating performance improved through history. This article illustrates how technical and materials development, together with empirical understanding of muscle biomechanics and energetics, led to one of the fastest forms of human powered locomotion.
机译：我们的步行和跑步运动方式要求鞋子与地面之间保持摩擦。冰的表面在几种自然发生的条件下具有低摩擦的特征，并损害了我们的典型运动方式。溜冰鞋利用了这种滑冰的性质。第一批滑冰鞋制造于4000年前，为人类运动提供了一种非常有效的形式。这篇综述介绍了冰面摩擦的物理原理，并讨论了影响滑冰鞋动摩擦系数的最相关因素。它还介绍了滑冰发展的主要阶段，描述了对运动生理的相关影响，并显示了滑冰性能在历史上得到改善的程度。本文说明了技术和材料的发展，以及对肌肉生物力学和能量学的经验理解如何导致了人类运动的最快形式之一。

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