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首页> 外文期刊>Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems >Conservation tillage for organic agriculture: evolution toward hybrid systems in the western USA. (Special Issue: Conservation tillage strategies in organic management systems.)
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Conservation tillage for organic agriculture: evolution toward hybrid systems in the western USA. (Special Issue: Conservation tillage strategies in organic management systems.)

机译：有机农业的保护性耕作：美国西部向杂交系统的演变。 （特刊：有机管理系统中的保护性耕作策略。）

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Organic farming has been historically dependent on conventional tillage operations to convert perennial pasture leys to annual crop rotations, incorporate crop residues, compost and cover crops, as well as to mechanically kill existing vegetation. Conventional tillage, however, has long been known to lead to soil degradation and erosion. A recently developed no-till organic production system that uses a roller-crimper technology to mechanically kill cover crops was evaluated in two states in the western United States. In Washington, pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.) grown in a no-till roller-crimper (NT-RC) system produced yields 80% of conventional tillage, but with fewer weeds. However, in California on-farm research trials in organic cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), the no-till system produced virtual crop failure, or yields less than 20% of the standard production method. The major problems associated with rolled cover crops in California included reduced crop seedling emergence, planter impediment with excessive residue, lack of moisture and delay in transplanting of vegetable crops due to continued growth of cover crops, in-season crop competition from cover crop regrowth and impracticability of using cultivators. Further, excessive dry residue during summer in California can present the risk of fire. In both California and Oregon, considerable success has been demonstrated with zone tillage (strip tillage) in conventionally produced field and vegetable crops. In a replicated Oregon trial, the organic strip tillage treatment produced 85% of the broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) yield compared to a conventional tillage treatment. Our studies suggest that the zone tillage concept may offer opportunities to overcome many of the agronomic challenges facing no-till.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742170511000494
机译：从历史上看，有机耕作一直依靠传统的耕作操作，以将多年生牧场牧场转换为年度轮作，结合农作物残留物，堆肥和覆盖农作物，以及机械杀死现有植被。但是，传统的耕作早已导致土壤退化和侵蚀。在美国西部的两个州，对最近开发的免耕有机生产系统进行了评估，该生产系统使用压路机技术机械杀死覆盖作物。在华盛顿州，以免耕压路机（NT-RC）系统种植的南瓜（ spp。）的产量为常规耕作的80％，但杂草较少。但是，在加利福尼亚州进行的有机棉（ Barbadense L.），番茄（ Mill。），茄子（ Solanum melongena i> L.）和cow豆（ Vigna unguiculata （L.）Walp。），免耕系统造成了虚拟农作物歉收，或产量不到标准生产方法的20％。在加利福尼亚，与滚动覆盖作物有关的主要问题包括：作物幼苗出苗减少，残留物过多的播种机障碍，水分不足以及由于覆盖作物的持续生长导致蔬菜作物的移植延迟，季节作物因覆盖作物的再生长而竞争以及使用中耕机的不切实际。此外，在加利福尼亚州夏季，干燥残留物过多会引发火灾。在加利福尼亚州和俄勒冈州，传统耕种的田间作物和蔬菜作物的区域耕作（带状耕作）已取得了相当大的成功。在俄勒冈州的一项重复试验中，与传统的耕作处理相比，有机耕作耕作处理产生的花椰菜（甘蓝）产量为85％。我们的研究表明，区域耕作概念可能为克服免耕面临的许多农学挑战提供机会。Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742170511000494

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