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首页> 外文期刊>Remote Sensing of Environment: An Interdisciplinary Journal >Simulating SAR geometric distortions and predicting Persistent Scatterer densities for ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT C-band SAR and InSAR applications:Nationwide feasibility assessment to monitor the landmass of Great Britain with SAR imagery
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Simulating SAR geometric distortions and predicting Persistent Scatterer densities for ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT C-band SAR and InSAR applications:Nationwide feasibility assessment to monitor the landmass of Great Britain with SAR imagery

机译：为ERS-1 / 2和ENVISAT C波段SAR和InSAR应用模拟SAR几何畸变并预测持久散射体密度：使用SAR图像在全国范围内进行评估，以监测英国的陆地

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We assess the feasibility of monitoring the landmass of Great Britain with satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, by analysing ERS-1/2 SAR and ENVISAT IS2 Advanced SAR (ASAR) archive data availability, geometric distortions and land cover control on the success of (non-)interferometric analyses. Our assessment both addresses the scientific and operational question ofwhether a nationwide SAR-based monitoring of ground motion would succeed in Great Britain, and helps to understand controlling factors and possible solutions to overcome the limitations of undertaking SAR-based imaging of the landmass. This is the first time such a nationwide assessment is performed in preparation for acquisition and processing of SAR data in the United Kingdom, and any other country in the world. Analysis of the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT archives reveals potential for multi-interferogram SAR Interferometry (InSAR) for the entirety of Britain using ERS-1/2 in descending mode, with 100% standard image frames showing at least 20 archive scenes available. ERS-1/2 ascending and both ENVISAT modes show potential for non-interferometric and single-pair InSAR for the vast majority of Britain, and multi-interferogram only for 13% to 38% of the available standard frames. Based on NEXTMap? Britain Digital Terrain Model (DTM) we simulate SAR layover, foreshortening and shadow to the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT Lines-Of-Sight (LOS), and quantify changes of SAR distortions with variations in mode, LOS incidence angles and ground track angles, local terrain orientation, and the effect of scale due to the input DTM resolution. The simulation is extended to the ~230,000 km~2 landmass, and shows limited control of local topography on the radar terrain visibility. According to the 50mto 5mDTM-based simulations, ~1.0-1.4% of Great Britain could potentially be affected by shadowand layover in eachmode. Only ~0.02-0.04% overlapping between ascending and descending mode distortions is found, this indicating the negligible proportion of the landmass that cannot be monitored using either imaging mode. We calibrate the CORINE Land Cover 2006 (CLC2006) using Persistent Scatterer (PS) datasets available for London, Stoke-On-Trent,Newcastle and Bristol, to quantify land cover control on the PS distribution and characterise the CLC2006 classes in terms of the potential PS density they could provide. Despite predominance of rural land cover types, we predict potential for over 12.8 M monitoring targets for each acquisition mode using a set of image frames covering the entire landmass.We validate our assessment by processing with the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) 55 ERS-1/2 SAR scenes depicting SouthWales between 1992 and 1999. Although absolute differences between predicted and observed target density are revealed, relative densities and rankings among the various CLC2006 classes are found constant across the calibration and validation datasets. Rescaled predictions for Britain showpotential for a total of 2.5Mmonitoring targets across the landmass.We examine the use of the topographic and land cover feasibility maps for landslide studies in relation to the British Geological Survey's National Landslide Database and DiGMapGB mass movement layer. Building upon recent literature, we finally discuss future perspectives relating to the replication of our feasibility assessment to account for higher resolution SAR imagery, new Earth explorers (e.g., Sentinel-1) and improved processing techniques, showing potential to generate invaluable sources of information on land motions and geohazards in Great Britain.
机译：我们通过分析ERS-1 / 2 SAR和ENVISAT IS2 Advanced SAR（ASAR）档案数据的可用性，几何变形和土地覆盖控制的成功与否，评估了使用卫星合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像监控英国陆地的可行性。 （非）干涉分析。我们的评估既解决了科学和操作性问题，即在英国进行的基于SAR的全国范围的监视是否会成功，并且有助于理解控制因素和可能的解决方案，以克服对陆地进行SAR成像的局限性。这是英国和世界上任何其他国家首次进行这种全国范围的评估，以准备采集和处理SAR数据。对ERS-1 / 2和ENVISAT档案的分析显示，使用ERS-1 / 2降序模式在整个英国进行多干涉图SAR干涉测量（InSAR）的潜力，其中100％标准图像帧显示至少20个可用的档案场景。 ERS-1 / 2升序和ENVISAT两种模式均显示了在英国绝大多数地区使用非干涉式和单对InSAR的潜力，而仅在可用标准框架的13％至38％中使用多干涉图。基于NEXTMap？英国数字地形模型（DTM）我们模拟ERS-1 / 2和ENVISAT视线（LOS）的SAR停留，缩短和阴影，并量化SAR失真随模式，LOS入射角和地面轨迹变化的变化输入DTM分辨率产生的角度，局部地形方向以及缩放效果。该模拟扩展到了约230,000 km〜2陆地，并显示了对雷达地形可见性的局部地形控制有限。根据基于50mto 5mDTM的模拟，每种模式下约有1.0-1.4％的英国可能受到阴影和中转的影响。在上升和下降模式失真之间仅发现〜0.02-0.04％的重叠，这表明使用任何一种成像模式都无法监视的陆地质量比例可忽略不计。我们使用可用于伦敦，特伦特河畔斯托克，纽卡斯尔和布里斯托尔的持久散射体（PS）数据集对CORINE土地覆盖2006（CLC2006）进行校准，以量化对PS分布的土地覆盖控制，并根据潜在特征来描述CLC2006类他们可以提供的PS密度。尽管农村土地覆盖类型占主导地位，但我们还是会使用覆盖整个陆地的一组图像帧来预测每种采集模式可能超过1280万个监测目标。我们通过干涉点目标分析（IPTA）55 ERS-处理来验证我们的评估1/2 SAR场景描绘了1992年至1999年之间的SouthWales。尽管揭示了预测和观察到的目标密度之间的绝对差异，但在整个校准和验证数据集中发现了CLC2006不同类别之间的相对密度和等级不变。重新评估了整个陆地的2.5个监测目标的英国显示潜力。我们研究了地形和土地覆盖可行性图在滑坡研究中与英国地质调查局国家滑坡数据库和DiGMapGB质量运动层的关系。在最新文献的基础上，我们最终讨论与重复可行性评估以解决高分辨率SAR图像，新的地球探索者（例如Sentinel-1）和改进的处理技术有关的未来观点，显示出产生有关有价值信息的潜力。英国的地面运动和地质灾害。

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