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首页> 外文期刊>Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology >Illicit drugs: contaminants in the environment and utility in forensic epidemiology.
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Illicit drugs: contaminants in the environment and utility in forensic epidemiology.

机译：非法药物：环境中的污染物以及法医流行病学中的用途。

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The published literature that addresses the many facets of pharmaceutical ingredients as environmental contaminants has grown exponentially since the 1990s. Although there are several thousand active ingredients used in medical pharmaceuticals worldwide, illicit drug ingredients (IDIs) have generally been excluded from consideration. Medicinal and illicit drugs have been treated separately in environmental research even though they pose many of the same concerns regarding the potential for both human and ecological exposure. The overview presented here covers the state of knowledge up until mid-2010 regarding the origin, occurrence, fate, and potential for biological effects of IDIs in the environment. Similarities exist with medical pharmaceuticals, particularly with regard to the basic processes by which these ingredients enter the environment--excretion of unmetabolized residues (including via sweat), bathing, disposal, and manufacturing. The features of illicit drugs that distinguish them from medical pharmaceuticals are discussed. Demarcations between the two are not always clear, and a certain degree of overlap adds additional confusion as to what exactly defines an illicit drug; indeed, medical pharmaceuticals diverted from the legal market or used for non-medicinal purposes ar also captured in discussions of illicit drugs. Also needing consideration as par tof the universe of IDIs are the numerous adulterants and synthesis impurities often encountered in these very impure preparations. many of these extraneous chemicals have high biological activity themselves. In contract to medical pharmaceuticals, comparatively little is know about the fate and effects of IDIs in the environment. Environmental surveys for IDIs have revealed their presence in sewage wastewaters, raw sewage sludge and processed sludge (biosolids), and drinking water. Nearly nothing is known, however, regarding wildlife exposure to IDIs, especially aquatic exposure such as indicated by bioconcentration i tissues.
机译：自1990年代以来，涉及药物成分作为环境污染物的许多方面的文献已成倍增长。尽管全世界医疗药物中使用了数千种活性成分，但通常不考虑使用非法药物成分（IDI）。药物和非法药物在环境研究中已分别进行了处理，即使它们对人类和生态环境的潜在危害构成了许多相同的关注。此处概述的内容涵盖了直到2010年年中有关IDI在环境中的起源，发生，命运和潜在生物影响的知识状态。与医药品存在相似之处，尤其是这些成分进入环境的基本过程-未代谢残留物的排泄（包括通过汗液），沐浴，处置和制造。讨论了将非法药物与医疗药物区分开的特征。两者之间的分界并不总是很清楚，一定程度的重叠会在确切定义非法药物方面增加额外的混乱。确实，从合法市场转移过来的或用于非医药目的的医药也被讨论为非法药物。在IDI领域中还需要考虑的是在这些非常不纯的制剂中经常遇到的许多掺假物和合成杂质。这些外来化学品中的许多本身具有很高的生物活性。与医疗药品签约时，对IDI在环境中的命运和影响知之甚少。对IDI的环境调查表明，它们存在于污水，原污水污泥和加工污泥（生物固体）以及饮用水中。但是，关于野生生物接触IDI的知识几乎一无所知，尤其是水生生物暴露，如组织中生物浓缩所表明的。

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