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Current developments in viral DNA vaccines: shall they solve the unsolved?

机译：病毒DNA疫苗的最新发展：它们能解决尚未解决的问题吗？

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This review describes the mechanisms of immune response following DNA vaccination. The efficacy of DNA vaccines in animal models is highlighted, especially in viral diseases against which no widely accepted vaccination is currently available. Emphasis is given to possible therapeutic vaccination in chronic infections due to persisting virus genomes, such as recurrent herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2), pre-AIDS (HIV-1) and/or chronic hepatitis B (HBV). In these, the problem of introducing foreign viral DNA may not be of crucial importance, since the immunised subject is already a viral DNA (or provirus) carrier. The DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome several problems of classical viral vaccines. Novel DNA vaccines could induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes including the conservative type common ones, which do not undergo antigenic drifts. Within the immunised host, they mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines when continuously expressing the polypeptide in question. For this reason they directly stimulate the antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. The antigen encoded by plasmid elicits T helper cell activity (Th1 and Th2 type responses), primes the cytotoxic T cell memory and may induce a satisfactory humoral response. The efficacy of DNA vaccines can be improved by adding plasmids encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and/or their co-receptors.
机译：这篇综述描述了DNA疫苗接种后的免疫应答机制。强调了DNA疫苗在动物模型中的功效，尤其是在目前尚无针对其的疫苗接种的病毒性疾病中。由于持续存在的病毒基因组（例如复发性疱疹（HSV-1和HSV-2），艾滋病前期（HIV-1）和/或慢性乙型肝炎（HBV））而导致的慢性感染可能需要进行治疗性疫苗接种。在这些中，引入外来病毒DNA的问题可能不是至关重要的，因为被免疫的受试者已经是病毒DNA（或前病毒）载体。基于DNA的免疫策略可以克服经典病毒疫苗的几个问题。新型DNA疫苗可以诱导针对多种病毒抗原决定簇的免疫，包括保守型普通抗原决定簇，这些抗原决定簇不会发生抗原漂移。在免疫宿主中，当连续表达所讨论的多肽时，它们模拟减毒活疫苗的效果。因此，它们直接刺激抗原呈递细胞，特别是树突状细胞。质粒编码的抗原引起T辅助细胞活性（Th1和Th2型反应），引发细胞毒性T细胞记忆并可能诱导令人满意的体液反应。通过添加编码免疫调节细胞因子和/或其共受体的质粒，可以提高DNA疫苗的功效。

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