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Low-temperature sol-gel synthesis of crystalline materials

机译：低温溶胶-凝胶法合成晶体材料

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摘要

Sol-gel chemistry has opened a new era of modern materials science by enabling the production of ceramic materials at near-room temperature. Thousands of papers have been published since its inception, and new hybrid materials and composites widely used in our everyday life have been obtained. From a chemical point of view, these materials actually have compositions identical to their high-temperature ceramic analogs, but there is a drastic difference in structure and phase composition. In the majority of cases, oxide systems produced using the sol-gel method possess an amorphous structure and huge surface area with narrow micro/mesopore size distribution. At the same time, there are a great variety of oxides and mixed-oxide systems with quite a number of polymorphic modifications and, consequently, certain properties can only be produced by high-temperature treatment. Investigation of the mechanisms and methods of crystallization for such systems in the colloidal state at temperatures less than 100 degrees C would significantly contribute to the development of new materials obtained by low-temperature sol-gel synthesis. Taking into account the millions of different thermosensitive organic, inorganic, and bio-organic substances that could be used in producing hybrids and composites, the potential of low-temperature sol-gel technology is immense. In fact, it is a 'second wind' for developing classical sol-gel technology, with its more than a hundred-year history. The present review describes the fundamental principles of crystallization of oxide sol-gel systems in solution and gives examples of the applications of composites produced by low-temperature sol-gel synthesis.
机译：溶胶-凝胶化学通过使能够在接近室温的温度下生产陶瓷材料，开启了现代材料科学的新纪元。自成立以来已发表了数千篇论文，并获得了在我们的日常生活中广泛使用的新型混合材料和复合材料。从化学观点来看，这些材料实际上具有与其高温陶瓷类似物相同的组成，但是在结构和相组成上存在巨大差异。在大多数情况下，使用溶胶-凝胶法生产的氧化物体系具有无定形结构和巨大的表面积，具有狭窄的微孔/中孔尺寸分布。同时，存在多种具有相当多的多晶型变体的氧化物和混合氧化物体系，因此，某些性质只能通过高温处理来产生。对于在低于100摄氏度的温度下处于胶态的此类系统进行结晶的机理和方法的研究，将极大地有助于开发通过低温溶胶-凝胶合成获得的新材料。考虑到可用于生产杂化材料和复合材料的数百万种不同的热敏有机，无机和生物有机物质，低温溶胶凝胶技术的潜力是巨大的。实际上，拥有一百多年历史的经典溶胶凝胶技术是发展的“第二顺风”。本综述描述了溶液中氧化物溶胶-凝胶体系结晶的基本原理，并给出了通过低温溶胶-凝胶合成制备的复合材料的应用实例。

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