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Tailoring PES nanofiltration membranes through systematic investigations of prominent design, fabrication and operational parameters

机译：通过对重要设计，制造和操作参数的系统研究来定制PES纳滤膜

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Design and fabrication of nanofiltration (NF) membranes with the desired characteristics and separation performance is of paramount importance. In this study various asymmetric nanofiltration membranes were designed and fabricated using poly(ethersulfone) (PES) via phase inversion technique. The effects of variation in polymer concentration, solvent type, additives in the dope solution and composition of coagulating agent were studied as the selected design parameters. The effects of variation in solvent evaporation time, coagulation bath temperature, casting speed (shear rate) and membrane thickness were also investigated as the selected fabrication parameters. The results obtained reveal that increasing the polymer concentration, promoting a delay in demixing through a change of solvent and composition of coagulating agent as well as decreasing the coagulation bath temperature, increasing the solvent evaporation time and membrane thickness all result in NF membranes with less overall porosity and mean pore size, lower water flux and higher salt rejections. Furthermore, addition of hydrophilic organic acids, (e.g., ascorbic and citric acids) in the dope solution and incrementally increasing the casting shear rate promote overall porosity of the membrane, water flux and salt rejection. Membranes derived from PES/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (30/70 wt%) could offer maximum salt rejections of 47.35% and 99.84% for sodium chloride and magnesium sulfate, respectively. The pure water flux in the membranes could be enhanced up to 54.88 l m(-2) h(-1) by addition of 1 wt% citric acid into the dope solution. In terms of operational parameters, increase in both feed pressure and pH could enhance the membrane flux and salt rejections. The findings in this study provide useful guidelines and methods for the design and fabrication of high performance asymmetric NF membranes with the desired microstructure, productivity and separation performance.
机译：具有所需特性和分离性能的纳滤（NF）膜的设计和制造至关重要。在这项研究中，通过相转化技术使用聚醚砜（PES）设计和制造了各种不对称的纳滤膜。作为选择的设计参数，研究了聚合物浓度，溶剂类型，浓液中添加剂和凝结剂组成的变化对设计的影响。作为选择的制造参数，还研究了溶剂蒸发时间，凝固浴温度，流延速度（剪切速率）和膜厚度的变化的影响。获得的结果表明，增加聚合物浓度，通过改变溶剂和凝结剂组成促进分解的延迟以及降低凝结浴温度，增加溶剂蒸发时间和膜厚度，所有这些都会导致NF膜总体上较少孔隙率和平均孔径，较低的水通量和较高的除盐率。此外，在浓液中添加亲水性有机酸（例如，抗坏血酸和柠檬酸）并逐渐增加流延剪切速率促进了膜的整体孔隙率，水通量和盐分排出。衍生自PES / N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮（30/70 wt％）的膜对氯化钠和硫酸镁的最大脱盐率分别为47.35％和99.84％。通过向涂料溶液中添加1 wt％柠檬酸，可将膜中的纯水通量提高至54.88 l m（-2）h（-1）。就操作参数而言，进料压力和pH的增加均可提高膜通量和盐分截留率。这项研究的发现为设计和制造具有所需微观结构，生产率和分离性能的高性能不对称NF膜提供了有用的指导和方法。

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