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Surfactant-free dispersion polymerization as an efficient synthesis route to a successful encapsulation of nanoparticles

机译：无表面活性剂的分散聚合是成功封装纳米颗粒的有效合成途径

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We propose a new method based on surfactant-free aqueous/alcoholic dispersion polymerization, which enables the encapsulation of nanoparticles in polymer latex. The mechanism of this approach is investigated in the preparation of carbon black (CB) incorporated polystyrene (PS) composite latex. First, commercial grade MOGUL(R) L CB is grafted with reactive silane coupling agents through a sol-gel reaction and is finely dispersed in the polar medium with dissolved monomer. Then, the ionic initiator is added to the system to start the polymerization. The reactive functional groups introduced onto the CB surface enable its participation into the nucleation and surface polymerization, leading to the well-defined CB-encapsulated PS composite latex structure. The efficiency of CB nanoparticle encapsulation is correlated to the extent of association/aggregation among the nuclei and CB nanoparticles during nucleation, which is found to be proportional to the polarity of the medium. The thickness of the polymer shell is controlled by tuning the weight ratio between carbon black and the monomer. Successful encapsulation of CB particles was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is demonstrated that this new polymerization technique can be universally utilized for the preparation of various kinds of nanoparticle-encapsulated polymer composite latexes up to micron size with a high loading of nanoparticles. The effect of various factors on this new approach is investigated, and a possible mechanism is also presented.
机译：我们提出了一种基于无表面活性剂的水/醇分散聚合的新方法，该方法能够将纳米颗粒包裹在聚合物胶乳中。在制备结合了炭黑（CB）的聚苯乙烯（PS）复合胶乳中研究了这种方法的机理。首先，通过溶胶-凝胶反应将工业级的MOGULL CB与反应性硅烷偶联剂接枝，并与溶解的单体一起精细分散在极性介质中。然后，将离子引发剂添加到系统中以开始聚合。引入CB表面的反应性官能团使其能够参与成核和表面聚合，从而形成定义明确的CB封装PS复合胶乳结构。 CB纳米粒子封装的效率与成核过程中原子核与CB纳米粒子之间的缔合/聚集程度相关，这与介质的极性成正比。通过调节炭黑与单体之间的重量比来控制聚合物壳的厚度。通过透射电子显微镜（TEM），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），热重分析（TGA）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）证明了CB颗粒的成功封装。事实证明，这种新的聚合技术可普遍用于制备各种尺寸的纳米级封装的聚合物复合胶乳，最大粒径可达微米，且纳米粒子的负载量很高。研究了各种因素对这种新方法的影响，并提出了一种可能的机制。

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