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首页> 外文期刊>Occupational and environmental medicine >Risks of respiratory disease in the heavy clay industry.
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Risks of respiratory disease in the heavy clay industry.

机译：重质粘土行业中呼吸系统疾病的风险。

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OBJECTIVES: Little information is available on the quantitative risks of respiratory disease from quartz in airborne dust in the heavy clay industry. Available evidence suggested that these risks might be low, possibly because of the presence in the dust of other minerals, such as illite and kaolinite, which may reduce the harmful effects of quartz. The aims of the present cross sectional study were to determine among workers in the industry (a) their current and cumulative exposures to respirable mixed dust and quartz; (b) the frequencies of chest radiographic abnormalities and respiratory symptoms; (c) the relations between cumulative exposure to respirable dust and quartz, and risks of radiographic abnormality and respiratory symptoms. METHODS: Factories were chosen where the type of process had changed as little as possible during recent decades. 18 were selected in England and Scotland, ranging in size from 35 to 582 employees, representing all the main types of raw material, end product, kilns, and processes in the manufacture of bricks, pipes, and tiles but excluding refractory products. Weights of respirable dust and quartz in more than 1400 personal dust samples, and site histories, were used to derive occupational groups characterised by their levels of exposure to dust and quartz. Full size chest radiographs, respiratory symptoms, smoking, and occupational history questionnaires were administered to current workers at each factory. Exposure-response relations were examined for radiographic abnormalities (dust and quartz) and respiratory symptoms (dust only). RESULTS: Respirable dust and quartz concentrations ranged from means of 0.4 and 0.04 mg.m-3 for non-process workers to 10.0 and 0.62 mg.m-3 for kiln demolition workers respectively. Although 97% of all quartz concentrations were below the maximum exposure limit of 0.4 mg.m-3, 10% were greater than this among the groups of workers exposed to most dust. Cumulative exposure calculations for dust and quartz took account of changes of occupational group, factory, and kiln type at study and non-study sites. Because of the importance of changes of kiln type additional weighting factors were applied to concentrations of dust and quartz during previous employment at factories that used certain types of kiln. 85% (1934 employees) of the identified workforce attended the medical surveys. The frequency of small opacities in the chest radiograph, category > or = 1/0, was 1.4% (median reading) and seven of these 25 men had category > or = 2/1. Chronic bronchitis was reported by 14.2% of the workforce and breathlessness, when walking with someone of their own age, by 4.4%. Risks of having category > or = 0/1 small opacities differed by site and were also influenced by age, smoking, and lifetime cumulative exposure to respirable dust and quartz. Although exposures to dust and to quartz were highly correlated, the evidence suggested that radiological abnormality was associated with quartz rather than dust. A doubling of cumulative quartz exposure increased the risk of having category > or = 0/1 by a factor of 1.33. Both chronic bronchitis and breathlessness were significantly related to dust exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Although most quartz concentrations at the time of this study were currently below regulatory limits in the heavy clay industry, high exposures regularly occurred in specific processes and occasionally among most occupational groups. However, there are small risks of pneumoconiosis and respiratory symptoms in the industry, although frequency of pneumoconiosis is low in comparison to other quartz exposed workers.
机译：目的：在重黏土行业中，空气中粉尘中石英所致呼吸系统疾病定量风险的信息很少。现有证据表明，这些风险可能较低，这可能是由于尘埃中存在其他矿物，例如伊利石和高岭石，这些矿物可减少石英的有害影响。本横断面研究的目的是确定行业工人（a）他们当前和累积暴露于可吸入的混合粉尘和石英中; （b）胸部影像学异常和呼吸系统症状的发生频率; （c）累积接触可吸入粉尘和石英与射线照相异常和呼吸道症状的风险之间的关系。方法：选择工厂的过程类型在最近几十年中变化不大。在英格兰和苏格兰选出了18名员工，从35名到582名员工不等，代表了所有主要类型的原材料，最终产品，窑炉以及砖，管和瓷砖的生产过程，但不包括耐火制品。在1400多个个人粉尘样本中，可吸入粉尘和石英的重量以及场所的历史记录被用来得出以其接触粉尘和石英的水平为特征的职业群体。对每个工厂的现有工人进行了全尺寸的胸片，呼吸道症状，吸烟和职业病历调查问卷。检查了辐射-反应关系的射线照相异常（粉尘和石英）和呼吸道症状（仅粉尘）。结果：可吸入粉尘和石英的浓度范围分别为：非加工工人为0.4和0.04 mg.m-3，窑炉拆除工人为10.0和0.62 mg.m-3。尽管所有石英浓度中有97％低于最大暴露极限0.4 mg.m-3，但在接触最多灰尘的工人组中，最大暴露极限为10％。灰尘和石英的累积暴露量计算考虑了研究和非研究地点的职业类别，工厂和窑炉类型的变化。由于改变窑炉类型的重要性，在使用某些类型窑炉的工厂先前雇用期间，将额外的加权因子应用于粉尘和石英的浓度。确定的劳动力中有85％（1934名员工）参加了医学调查。 ≥X或= 1/0的胸部X光片中小混浊的发生率为1.4％（中位读数），这25名男性中有7位≥> = 2/1。与同龄人同行时，据报道，慢性支气管炎占劳动力的14.2％，呼吸困难的占4.4％。类别>或= 0/1的小混浊的风险因地点而异，并且还受到年龄，吸烟和终生对可吸入粉尘和石英的累积接触的影响。尽管暴露于粉尘和石英是高度相关的，但证据表明，放射学异常与石英有关，而不与粉尘有关。累积石英暴露量增加一倍会使类别>或= 0/1的风险增加1.33倍。慢性支气管炎和呼吸困难均与粉尘接触量显着相关。结论：尽管在本研究时，大多数石英的浓度目前都低于重质粘土行业的监管限值，但在特定的过程中经常发生高暴露量，在大多数职业人群中也偶尔发生。但是，尽管尘肺病的发病率与其他石英工人相比较低，但该行业存在尘肺病和呼吸道症状的风险很小。

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