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首页> 外文期刊>Occupational and environmental medicine >Assessment of lifetime exposure to trihalomethanes through different routes.
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Assessment of lifetime exposure to trihalomethanes through different routes.

机译：通过不同途径评估终生暴露于三卤甲烷的情况。

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lifetime exposure to trihalomethanes (THM) through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption in a hospital based case-control study of bladder cancer conducted between 1998 and 2001 in five areas of Spain. The study base was comprised of subjects living in the catchment areas of the participating hospitals. METHODS: Individual information on water related habits was obtained from personal interviews of 1219 cases and 1271 controls: residential and occupational history, drinking water source at each residence and job, amount of water consumption, frequency and duration of showering, bathing, and swimming pool attendance. THM levels, water source history, and year when chlorination started in study areas were ascertained through measurements in drinking water samples and questionnaires to water companies and local authorities. Estimates of THM levels covered 79% of the subjects' person-years of exposure. RESULTS: Current and historical average THM levels in water were correlated. Control subjects reported that drinking water source in the last residence was municipal for 63%, bottled for 22%, private well for 2%, and other sources for 13%. For the time window between age 15 and the time of interview, average residential THM level was 32.2 mug/l. THM exposure through ingestion was 23.7 mug/day on average, and was correlated with the ingestion THM level in the workplace. Overall, 79% usually took showers, 16% usually took baths, and 13% had ever attended a swimming pool. Between 21% and 45% of controls unexposed to THM through ingestion were evaluated as moderately or highly exposed through showering or bathing, and 5-10% were exposed through swimming in pools. CONCLUSION: The importance of evaluating different routes is underscored by findings from experimental studies showing substantial differences in THM uptake and internal distribution by route.
机译：目的：在1998年至2001年间于西班牙五个地区进行的一项基于医院的膀胱癌病例对照研究中，通过摄入，吸入和皮肤吸收评估一生中三卤代甲烷（THM）的暴露量。研究基地由居住在参与医院的服务区域内的受试者组成。方法：通过与1219例病例和1271例对照进行的个人访谈获得了与水有关的习惯的个人信息：居住和职业病史，每个住所和工作的饮用水源，耗水量，淋浴，洗澡和游泳池的频率和持续时间出席。通过对饮用水样本和向供水公司和地方当局进行问卷调查的测量，确定研究区域的THM水平，水源历史和开始氯化的年份。 THM水平的估计值覆盖了受试者暴露量的79％。结果：水中的当前和历史平均THM水平是相关的。对照对象报告说，最后一个住所的饮用水水源是市政用水，占63％，瓶装饮用水占22％，私人水井占2％，其他水源占13％。在15岁到访谈时间之间的时间范围内，平均住宅THM水平为32.2马克杯/升。摄入的THM平均值平均为23.7杯/天，并且与工作场所的摄入THM水平相关。总体而言，通常有79％的人洗澡，有16％的人通常洗澡，还有13％的人曾经去过游泳池。摄入中未暴露于THM的对照中，有21％至45％被评估为通过淋浴或沐浴被中度或高度暴露，而在泳池中游泳则为5-10％。结论：实验研究的结果强调了评估不同途径的重要性，这些研究表明，THM的摄取和途径内部分布存在显着差异。

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