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Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment.

机译：跨国研究中手机输出功率的决定因素：对暴露评估的影响。

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OBJECTIVES: The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study. METHODS: More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual's phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call. RESULTS: Measurements of over 60,000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas. CONCLUSIONS: Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.
机译：目的：移动电话的输出功率与其射频（RF）电磁场强度直接相关，由于功率控制技术，理论上在不同的网络和电话使用情况下，其输出可能会有很大的不同。为了提高流行病学研究中射频暴露的指标，我们在一项跨国研究中评估了手机输出功率的决定因素。方法：来自12个国家/地区的500多名志愿者使用了全球移动通信软件修改过的手机（GSM SMP），每个系统使用了大约1个月。 SMP会记录每个呼叫的日期，时间和持续时间，以及整个呼叫以固定采样间隔记录的频带和输出功率。问卷调查提供了有关个人使用电话的典型情况的信息。线性回归模型用于分析可能的解释变量对每个呼叫的平均输出功率和最大功率下的呼叫时间百分比的影响。结果：对超过60,000个电话的测量表明，平均输出功率约为最大输出功率的50％，并且研究中心和网络运营商之间的输出功率变化高达2-3倍。在相当长的通话时间内（平均39％）使用了最大功率。输出功率随通话时间的增加而降低，但与所报告的在移动的车辆或建筑物内的使用频率相比变化不大。在瑞典，该研究覆盖了人口稀少的地区，主要是在农村使用的SMP高于城市使用的SMP。结论：平均功率水平远高于理论上在GSM网络中可达到的最低水平。通过考虑不同电信系统的平均功率水平可以改善暴露指数。除了在人烟稀少的地区使用电话以外，收集有关电话使用情况的信息似乎没有什么价值。

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