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首页> 外文期刊>Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review >BIOLOGY OF THE PLANKTONIC STAGES OF BENTHIC OCTOPUSES
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BIOLOGY OF THE PLANKTONIC STAGES OF BENTHIC OCTOPUSES

机译：底栖章鱼浮游阶段的生物学

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Octopuses of the family Octopodidae adopt two major life-history strategies. The first is the production of relatively few, large eggs resulting in well-developed hatchlings that resemble the adults and rapidly adopt the benthic habit of their parents. The second strategy is production of numerous small eggs that hatch into planktonic, free-swimming hatchlings with few suckers, simple chromatophores and transparent musculature. These distinctive planktonic stages are termed para-larvae and differ from conspecific adults in their morphology, physiology, ecology and behaviour. This study aims to review available knowledge on this subject. In benthic octopuses with planktonic stages, spawning characteristics and duration of planktonic life seem to play an important role in their dispersal capacities. Duration of the hatching period of a single egg mass can range from 2 days to 11 wk, while duration of the planktonic stage can range from 3 wk to half a year, depending on the species and temperature. Thus these paralarvae possess considerable potential for dispersal. In some species, individuals reach relatively large sizes while living as part of the micronekton of oceanic, epipelagic waters. Such forms appear to delay settlement for an unknown period that is suspected to be longer than for paralarvae in more coastal, neritic waters. During the planktonic period, paralarval octopuses feed on crustaceans as their primary prey. In addition to the protein, critical to the protein-based metabolism of octopuses (and all cephalopods), the lipid and copper contents of the prey also appear important in maintaining normal growth. Littoral and oceanic fishes are their main predators and defence behaviours may involve fast swimming speeds, use of ink decoys, dive responses and camouflage. Sensory systems of planktonic stages include photo-, mechano- and chemoreceptors controlled by a highly evolved nervous system that follows the general pattern described for adult cephalopods. On settlement, a major metamorphosis occurs in morphology, physiology and behaviour. Morphological changes associated with the settlement process include positive allometric arm growth; chromatophore, iridophore and leucophore genesis; development of skin sculptural components and a horizontal pupillary response. At the same time, animals lose the Kolliker organs that cover the body surface, the 'lateral line system' and the oral denticles of the beaks. Strong positive phototaxis is a common response for hatchlings and some later paralarval stages but this response reduces, disappears or reverses after settlement. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the planktonic phases of benthic octopuses. Most of our understanding of octopus paralarvae comes from studies of just two species {Octopus vulgaris and Enteroctopus dofleini) and knowledge of the vast majority of benthic octopus species with planktonic stages is considered rudimentary or non-existent. Research is needed in a variety of fields, from taxonomy to ecology. Studies of feeding and nutrition are critical in order to develop the nascent aquaculture of key species and ageing studies are necessary to understand planktonic population dynamics,particularly in commercially valuable species targeted by fisheries. Current and potential anthropogenic impacts on these early life stages of octopuses, such as pollution, overfishing and global warming, are also identified.
机译：章鱼科的章鱼采取两种主要的生活史策略。首先是生产相对较少的大卵，导致幼虫发育成熟，类似于成年人，并迅速养成父母的底栖习性。第二种策略是生产大量小卵，这些卵孵化成浮游性，自由游动的幼雏，几乎没有吸盘，简单的色谱和透明的肌肉组织。这些独特的浮游阶段被称为副幼虫，在形态，生理，生态和行为方面与同种成年人不同。本研究旨在回顾有关此主题的可用知识。在具有浮游阶段的底栖章鱼中，浮游生物的产卵特性和持续时间似乎对其分散能力起着重要作用。单个卵的孵化期持续时间为2天至11周，而浮游阶段的持续时间则为3周至半年，具体取决于种类和温度。因此，这些幼虫具有相当大的扩散潜力。在某些物种中，个体作为海洋上表层水的微神经元的一部分生活时达到了相对较大的体型。这种形式似乎使定居的时间推迟了一个未知的时期，据怀疑比在更沿海，尖刺的水域中的幼虫更长。在浮游时期，副乳章鱼以甲壳类动物为主要猎物。除了蛋白质（对章鱼（和所有头足类））的蛋白质代谢至关重要以外，猎物的脂质和铜含量对于维持正常生长也很重要。沿海鱼类和海洋鱼类是它们的主要捕食者，其防御行为可能涉及快速游泳速度，使用墨水诱饵，潜水响应和伪装。浮游阶段的感觉系统包括受高度进化的神经系统控制的光感受器，机械感受器和化学感受器，该神经系统遵循针对成人头足类动物描述的一般模式。在沉降时，主要的变态发生在形态，生理和行为上。与定居过程相关的形态变化包括正向异形臂生长;色谱，虹彩和隐色生成皮肤雕塑成分的发展和水平的瞳孔反应。同时，动物失去了覆盖体表，“侧线系统”和喙的口腔细齿的科利克器官。强阳性趋光性是孵化场和一些后期的亲鱼期的常见反应，但这种反应在定居后减少，消失或逆转。我们对底栖章鱼浮游阶段的认识有很多空白。我们对章鱼幼虫的大多数了解仅来自对两个物种（寻常的章鱼和小肠章鱼）的研究，而绝大多数具有浮游阶段的底栖章鱼物种的知识被认为是基本的或不存在的。从分类学到生态学，各个领域都需要进行研究。为了发展关键物种的新生水产养殖，进食和营养研究至关重要，而老化研究对于了解浮游种群的动态是必要的，尤其是对于以渔业为目标的商业有价值物种而言。还确定了对章鱼这些早期生命阶段的当前和潜在的人为影响，例如污染，过度捕捞和全球变暖。

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