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首页> 外文期刊>Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review >CHANGING COASTS: MARINE ALIENS AND ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES
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CHANGING COASTS: MARINE ALIENS AND ARTIFICIAL STRUCTURES

机译：不断变化的海岸：海洋外星人和人工结构

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Marine aliens are non-native species that have been transported across major geographical barriers by human activities, involving vectors that move propagules along pathways. Species may also be newly observed in a geographical area due to range shifts, generally in association with climate change. Artificial structures are considered to be either man-made materials or natural materials shaped or displaced to serve a specific function for human activities. All types of artificial structures are currently increasing dramatically in coastal zones due to increasing human populations on coastlines. Most of the significant marine vectors and pathways involve mobile artificial structures and are reviewed here. These include shipping (ballast water and hull fouling) and aqua-culture, including stock transfer and unintentional introductions, all of which can move species into new biogeographical provinces. Some types of structures frequently move long distances but have low fouling loads (e.g., commercial shipping), whereas others (e.g., barges and pontoons) can be hyper fouled due to long stationary periods such that when moved they transport mature fouling communities. We also examine the presence of alien marine species on static (immobile) artificial structures, which support different communities from those on natural hard substrata. We consider the role of these structures, such as coastal defences, artificial reefs, and offshore platforms, in the dispersal and abundance of alien species. Marinas include both mobile and immobile structures and are apparently particularly favourable habitats for many aliens. For example, in coastal North America approximately 90% of the alien species inhabiting hard substrata have been reported from docks and marinas. Detailed case studies of alien marine species (two seaweeds and four invertebrates) are provided, with an analysis of their origin, vectors of transport, habitat in the introduced range, and potential impact. Although there are exceptions, a large majority of marine alien species seem to be associated, at least for some of the time, with artificial structures. It is clear that artificial structures can pave the way and act as stepping stones or even corridors for some marine aliens, as do urban areas, roads and riparian environments in terrestrial ecosystems. The observed acceleration of spread rates for marine invasions over the course of the last two centuries may partly be a result of the increase of artificial structures in coastal environments coupled with greater activity of vectors.
机译：海洋外星人是非本地物种，人类活动已经将它们穿越主要的地理障碍，其中包括使繁殖体沿途径移动的媒介。由于范围变化，通常还与气候变化有关，因此在地理区域内可能还会重新发现物种。人造结构被认为是人造材料，也可以是经过成型或置换以为人类活动提供特定功能的天然材料。由于海岸线上人口的增加，沿海地区目前所有类型的人工结构都在急剧增加。大多数重要的海洋媒介和途径都涉及可移动的人工结构，在此进行综述。这些包括航运（压载水和船体污损）和水产养殖，包括种群转移和无意引进，所有这些都可以将物种转移到新的生物地理省份。某些类型的结构经常移动很长距离，但结垢负荷低（例如，商业运输），而其他结构（例如，驳船和浮桥）则可能由于长时间的静止时间而严重结垢，因此在移动时它们会运输成熟的结垢社区。我们还研究了静态（固定）人工结构上外来海洋物种的存在，这些结构支持与自然硬基质上不同的群落。我们考虑了这些结构（例如沿海防御，人工礁石和近海平台）在外来物种扩散和丰富中的作用。码头包括活动和不活动的结构，显然是许多外星人特别有利的栖息地。例如，在北美沿海地区，据报道有90％的居住在硬质基质中的外来物种来自码头和码头。提供了关于外来海洋物种（两个海藻和四个无脊椎动物）的详细案例研究，并分析了它们的起源，运输媒介，所引入范围内的栖息地以及潜在影响。尽管有例外，但至少在某些时候，绝大多数海洋外来物种似乎与人工结构有关。显然，人造结构可以为某些海洋外星人铺平道路，并充当垫脚石甚至走廊，就像陆地生态系统中的市区，道路和河岸环境一样。在过去两个世纪中观察到的海洋入侵传播速度加快，部分原因可能是沿海环境中人工结构的增加以及媒介活动的增加。

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