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Negative impact of urban habitat on immunity in the great tit Parus major

机译：城市栖息地对大山雀Parus major免疫力的负面影响

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Urban habitats are described as having an overall negative influence on many fitness-related traits in several bird species, but a vital function such as immunity remains poorly studied. The immune response is strongly linked to individual condition, which partly depends on resource availability and the parasitic context that often differ between urban and natural habitats. A difference between the immunity of populations dwelling in urban areas and populations from more natural habitats can, therefore, be hypothesized. We conducted a 2-year experimental study on great tits (Parus major) in urban and forest areas. We stimulated the constitutive immunity of nestlings and assessed both the inflammatory response by measuring the plasma levels of haptoglobin, an inflammatory marker, and its activation cost through the loss of body mass. In addition, we checked the nestlings for ectoparasites and assessed haemosporidian prevalence in adults. Nestlings from urban sites produced relatively less haptoglobin and lost more body mass than those from forest sites, which suggests that the activation of constitutive immunity is more costly for birds living in urban sites than for those living in the forest. We detected no ectoparasite in birds in both habitats. However, urban adults showed lower haemosporidian prevalence than forest ones, suggesting a reduced exposure to these parasites and their vectors in towns. Overall, our study provides evidence for an immune difference between urban and forest populations. Because immunity is crucial for organism fitness, it is of prime interest to identify causes and processes at the origin of this difference.
机译：据描述，城市栖息地对几种鸟类的许多与健身有关的性状具有总体负面影响，但对免疫等重要功能的研究仍很少。免疫反应与个体状况密切相关，后者部分取决于资源的可获得性和城市和自然栖息地之间经常有所不同的寄生环境。因此，可以假设居住在城市地区的人口与来自更多自然栖息地的人口的免疫力之间存在差异。我们对城市和森林地区的大山雀（大山雀）进行了为期2年的实验研究。我们刺激了雏鸟的组成型免疫力，并通过测量血浆中触觉珠蛋白（一种炎症性标志物）的水平评估了炎症反应，并通过体重减轻来评估其激活成本。此外，我们检查了雏鸟中的体外寄生虫，并评估了成年人的血友病患病率。与森林地区的鸟类相比，城市地区的雏鸟产生的触珠蛋白相对较少，体重下降，这表明，对于居住在城市地区的鸟类而言，激活组成免疫的代价要高于森林中的鸟类。我们在两个栖息地的鸟类中均未检测到外寄生虫。但是，城市成年人的血吸虫病流行率低于森林成年人，这说明城镇中这些寄生虫及其媒介的暴露减少。总体而言，我们的研究为城市人口与森林人口之间的免疫差异提供了证据。由于免疫对于有机体适应性至关重要，因此最重要的是找出导致差异的原因和过程。

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