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首页> 外文期刊>Oecologia >Detecting mismatches of bird migration stopover and tree phenology in response to changing climate
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Detecting mismatches of bird migration stopover and tree phenology in response to changing climate

机译：检测因气候变化而导致的鸟类迁徙中止和树木物候不匹配的情况

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Migratory birds exploit seasonal variation in resources across latitudes, timing migration to coincide with the phenology of food at stopover sites. Differential responses to climate in phenology across trophic levels can result in phenological mismatch; however, detecting mismatch is sensitive to methodology. We examined patterns of migrant abundance and tree flowering, phenological mismatch, and the influence of climate during spring migration from 2009 to 2011 across five habitat types of the Madrean Sky Islands in southeastern Arizona, USA. We used two metrics to assess phenological mismatch: synchrony and overlap. We also examined whether phenological overlap declined with increasing difference in mean event date of phenophases. Migrant abundance and tree flowering generally increased with minimum spring temperature but depended on annual climate by habitat interactions. Migrant abundance was lowest and flowering was highest under cold, snowy conditions in high elevation montane conifer habitat while bird abundance was greatest and flowering was lowest in low elevation riparian habitat under the driest conditions. Phenological synchrony and overlap were unique and complementary metrics and should both be used when assessing mismatch. Overlap declined due to asynchronous phenologies but also due to reduced migrant abundance or flowering when synchrony was actually maintained. Overlap declined with increasing difference in event date and this trend was strongest in riparian areas. Montane habitat specialists may be at greatest risk of mismatch while riparian habitat could provide refugia during dry years for phenotypically plastic species. Interannual climate patterns that we observed match climate change projections for the arid southwest, altering stopover habitat condition.
机译：候鸟利用跨纬度资源的季节性变化，定时迁移以与中途停留地点的食物物候相吻合。营养学水平上物候学对气候的不同响应可能导致物候学不匹配;但是，检测不匹配对方法很敏感。我们研究了美国亚利桑那州东南部Madrean Sky Islands五个栖息地类型在2009年至2011年春季迁徙期间迁徙者的丰度和树木开花的形态，物候失配以及气候的影响。我们使用两个指标来评估物候不匹配：同步和重叠。我们还研究了物候重叠是否随物候平均事件日期差异的增加而减少。春季最低温度通常会增加移民的数量和树木的开花，但取决于栖息地相互作用的年度气候。在海拔最高的山地针叶树栖息地中，在寒冷，多雪的条件下，移民丰度最低，开花最高;而在海拔最低的低海拔河岸栖息地，鸟类的丰度最高，开花最低。物候同步和重叠是唯一且互补的指标，在​​评估不匹配时应同时使用两者。重叠的下降是由于非同步的物候现象，也归因于实际上保持同步时移徙者的丰度或开花减少。重叠随着事件日期差异的增加而下降，并且这种趋势在河岸地区最为明显。山地生境专家可能会面临最大的错配风险，而河岸生境可能会在干旱年份为表型可塑性物种提供避难所。我们观察到的年际气候模式与干旱西南地区的气候变化预测相符，从而改变了中途停留的栖息地条件。

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