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首页> 外文期刊>Oikos: A Journal of Ecology >Lipid economy, flight activity and reproductive behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly: on the energetic cost of territory holding
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Lipid economy, flight activity and reproductive behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly: on the energetic cost of territory holding

机译：斑纹蝴蝶中的脂质经济，飞行活动和生殖行为：以领土持有的高昂成本为代价

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摘要

Insect flight is a highly energy demanding type of locomotion. In butterflies, males may locate females by different behavioural tactics. The tactics correspond to different flight types that, in turn, are assumed to reflect different energetic costs. Costs need to be considered to fully understand the pay-offs of co-existing alternative tactics relative to the environmental context and the phenotypes of the individuals. We addressed the issue in the speckled wood Pararge aegeria, in which males either adopt a territorial wait-and-fight tactic (i.e. territorial perching) in a sunlit patch on the forest floor, or a fly-and-search tactic to locate females in a wider area of the forest (i.e. patrolling). Perching corresponds to high frequency of take-off flights and aerial combats with high levels of manoeuvrability and is assumed to be energetically more costly than longer, continuous flights at lower speed in patrollers. We tested the effect of different flight activity levels and of the behavioural tactics on lipid reserves and lipid use in males by laboratory and outdoor cage experiments. Low-activity males that had access to honey water were capable of synthesizing lipids; their lipid reserves increased with age. The effect disappeared in males that actively flew in the outdoor cages. Lipid reserves decreased significantly faster in territorial perching males compared to non-perching males, but resting metabolic rate did not differ between the alternative behavioural tactics. Territorial perching males had larger flight muscle ratio (i.e. thorax/body mass) than non-perching males. We discuss the evidence of the physiological costs of perching relative to the co-existence of perching and patrolling tactics.
机译：昆虫飞行是对能量的高度要求的运动。在蝴蝶中，雄性可能通过不同的行为策略来定位雌性。该策略对应于不同的飞行类型，这些飞行类型又被认为反映了不同的精力成本。需要考虑成本，以充分了解相对于环境和个人表型而言，共存替代策略的收益。我们在有斑点的木质Pararge背花中解决了这个问题，在这种情况下，雄性要么在森林地面上的阳光照射下采取区域性的“等待与战斗”策略（即“区域栖息”），要么采取飞行搜索的策略来定位雌性动物。森林的更广阔区域（即巡逻）。较高的机动性意味着高频率的起飞飞行和空战，而在巡逻中，栖息比在较长的连续飞行中在能量上要昂贵得多。通过实验室和室外笼实验，我们测试了不同的飞行活动水平和行为策略对男性脂质储备和脂质使用的影响。可以喝蜂蜜水的低运动量雄性动物能够合成脂质。他们的脂质储备随年龄增长。这种效果在活跃于室外笼子中的雄性中消失了。与非栖息地雄性相比，领地栖息雄性动物的血脂储备下降得更快，但是在不同的行为策略之间静息代谢率没有差异。领土栖息雄性比非栖息雄性具有更大的飞行肌肉比率（即胸腔/体重）。我们讨论了相对于栖息和巡逻战术的共存而言，栖息的生理代价的证据。

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