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Prometheus Unleashed: Science as a Diplomatic Weapon in the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration

机译：普罗米修斯大放异彩：科学作为林登·约翰逊政府的外交武器

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摘要

Scholars who have examined science policy within the Johnson administration have generally argued that science played a limited role in U.S. foreign policy in the mid-and late 1960s. Most point to the President's Science Advisory Committee (PS AC), which reached its zenith of influence late in the Eisenhower administration then declined through the Kennedy and Johnson years before being abolished by Richard Nixon in 1973. These accounts, however, have overlooked Lyndon Johnson's determination to employ science and technology as tools in foreign policy and the rapid growth of the State Department's international science office early in his administration. They also overlook the singular importance that Johnson-era officials placed on the physical environmental sciences-especially oceanography and meteorology-as tools of foreign policy. This article, based on archival sources, examines how Johnson administration officials embraced science in diplomatic policy from 1964 through 1968, when rising tensions over Vietnam limited these efforts. Our study includes a detailed examination of one such instance: a secret administration effort to employ weather modification in India and Pakistan as a technological fix to mitigate the Bihar drought and famine of 1966-1967 and to achieve U.S. policy goals in this strategically important region.
机译：在约翰逊政府内部研究过科学政策的学者们普遍认为，在1960年代中后期，科学在美国外交政策中的作用有限。多数指向总统科学咨询委员会（PS AC），该委员会在艾森豪威尔政府后期发挥了影响力，后来在肯尼迪和约翰逊任职期间有所下降，直到1973年理查德·尼克松（Richard Nixon）废除。决心将科学技术作为外交政策的工具，并在他执政初期国务院的国际科学办公室迅速发展。他们还忽视了约翰逊时代的官员将自然环境科学（尤其是海洋学和气象学）作为外交政策工具的重要性。本文基于档案资料，研究了从1964年到1968年约翰逊政府官员如何将科学纳入外交政策，当时越南越发紧张的局势限制了这些努力。我们的研究包括对这样一个例子的详细检查：秘密管理工作，目的是利用印度和巴基斯坦的天气变化技术来缓解1966-1967年的比哈尔邦干旱和饥荒，并在这一具有战略意义的地区实现美国的政策目标。

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