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From the Inside Out: Therapeutic Penology and Political Liberalism in Postwar California

机译：从内而外：战后加利福尼亚的治疗心理学和政治自由主义

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In the wake of World War II, California emerged as leader in modern therapeutic corrections thanks to the structure of its military welfare state. By the late 1950s, however, prisoners, staff, the public, and the political leadership questioned the effectiveness of group counseling as the path back to citizenship, prompting the creation of a Correctional Research Division. Replacing case file evaluations with rigorous statistical prediction tools, the division built the necessary political legitimacy for a series of bold therapeutic community programs. Promoting personality change through democratic community life upset institutional discipline, industrial work order, and professional standards, but it also legitimized prisoners' political awareness and group identities incompatible with reintegration into white middle-class society. In the wake of the Watts riots, a conservative administration not only withdrew political support for rehabilitative research but also converted statistical prediction tools from an argument for bold liberal experimentation into an argument for incarceration.
机译：第二次世界大战后，由于其军事福利国家的结构，加利福尼亚州成为现代治疗矫正的领导者。然而，到了1950年代后期，囚犯，工作人员，公众和政治领导层对团体咨询作为重新获得公民身份的途径的有效性提出了质疑，促使成立了惩教研究部门。该部门使用严格的统计预测工具代替了案例文件评估，为一系列大胆的治疗社区计划建立了必要的政治合法性。通过民主社区生活来促进人格改变，这会扰乱制度纪律，行业工作秩序和专业水准，但同时也使囚犯的政治意识和与重新融入白人中产阶级社会格格不入的群体身份合法化。在瓦茨骚乱之后，一个保守的政府不仅撤回了对康复研究的政治支持，而且还将统计预测工具从对大胆的自由主义实验的论点转变为对监禁的论点。

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