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Cultures of Categories: Psychological Diagnoses as Institutional and Political Projects before and after the Transition from State Socialism in 1989 in East Germany

机译：类别文化：1989年东德国家社会主义转型前后的制度和政治项目的心理诊断

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摘要

How can psychological categories be understood as historical, political, and cultural artifacts? How are such categories maintained by individuals, organizations, and governments? How do macrosocietal changes—such as the transition from state socialism in East Germany in 1989—correlate with changes in the social and organizational structures that maintain psychological categories? This essay focuses on how—pre-1989—the category of neurosis (as a mental disorder) became entwined with East Germany's grand socialist project of creating new socialist personalities, a new society, and a new science and on how diagnostic preferences were adapted, modified, and extended by local cultural and institutional practices. It also examines how post-1989 the category of neurosis became redefined in accord with a for-merly West German psychotherapeutic paradigm and was eventually obliterated by the bureaucratic health care system of the new Germany. East German practitioners adopted new therapeutic guidelines and a new language to make sense of the "normal," "neurotic," and "pathological" self in terms of "individualizing forms of knowledge" that tied in with efforts to remake East German citizens as liberal democratic subjects. At the same time, practitioners' clinical practice remained based upon face-to-face encounters in which formal guidelines and stipulations were often superseded by local, interactional, institutional, and cultural practices and contingencies.
机译：如何将心理类别理解为历史，政治和文化产物？个人，组织和政府如何维护这些类别？宏观社会的变化（例如1989年东德从国家社会主义过渡）与保持心理类别的社会和组织结构的变化如何相关？本文着重于1989年前的神经症（精神障碍）类别如何与东德建立社会主义新个性，新社会和新科学的宏伟社会主义计划相结合，以及如何适应诊断偏好，根据当地的文化和制度惯例进行修改和扩展。它还研究了在1989年之后，神经病的类别是如何根据以前的西德心理治疗范例重新定义的，并最终被新德国的官僚医疗体系淘汰。东德医生采用了新的治疗指南和新语言，以“个体化的知识形式”来理解“正常”，“神经病”和“病理”自我，并与使东德公民重新成为自由主义者的努力息息相关。民主主体。同时，从业者的临床实践仍然以面对面的交流为基础，在这种交流中，正式的指导方针和规定常常被当地的，互动的，机构的，文化的实践和偶然性所取代。

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