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首页> 外文期刊>SAE International Journal of Engines >Overview of Soot Emission Measurements Instrumentation: From Smoke and Filter Mass to Particle Number
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Overview of Soot Emission Measurements Instrumentation: From Smoke and Filter Mass to Particle Number

机译：烟尘排放测量仪器概述：从烟雾和过滤器质量到颗粒数

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Particulate emissions cause adverse health effects and for this reason they are regulated since the 80s. Vehicle regulations cover particulate emission measurements of a model before its sale, known as type approval or homologation. For heavy-duty engines the emissions are measured on an engine dynamometer with steady state points and transient cycles. For light-duty vehicles (i.e. the full power train) the particulate emissions are assessed on a chassis dynamometer. The measurement of particulate emissions is conducted either by diluting the whole exhaust in a dilution tunnel with constant volume sampling or by extracting a small proportional part of the exhaust gas and diluting it. Particulate emissions are measured by passing part of the diluted exhaust aerosol through a filter paper. The increase of the weight of the filter is used to calculate the particulate matter mass (PM) emissions. Vehicles are also checked during the course of their lives, i.e. those pulled over by authorities for roadside checks or the mandatory periodic inspection in a garage. In this case smoke is assessed with free acceleration tests. However, all these tests do not give any relevant information about the emissions of the vehicles during real driving conditions. This was only recently regulated. The particulate emissions on the road are measured with portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The particulate emissions of newer vehicles decreased by more than two orders of magnitude since the 80s. The particulate measurement methods reached their detection limit and for this reason the particle number (PN) concentration was introduced in the European Union legislation as a new metric. In this paper a short summary of the particulate emission legislation of vehicles over the years is given. Then the instrumentation that has been used and is currently being used, like gravimetric filter measurement, is explained. In addition, other popular methods and instruments are analyzed, like chemical analysis of filters, light extinction, scattering and absorption instruments, electrical mobility and particle counting instruments. Correlation of the different instruments is discussed for different vehicle emission levels. Predictions for future instruments for low emission vehicles are given.
机译：颗粒物排放会对健康造成不利影响，因此，自80年代以来就对其进行了管制。车辆法规涵盖了模型销售之前的颗粒物排放测量，称为类型批准或认证。对于重型发动机，在具有稳态点和瞬态循环的发动机测功机上测量排放。对于轻型车辆（即全动力传动系），在底盘测功机上评估微粒排放。颗粒物排放的测量可以通过以恒定体积采样在稀释通道中稀释整个废气，也可以通过提取一小部分废气并将其稀释来进行。通过使一部分稀释的废气气溶胶通过滤纸来测量微粒排放。过滤器重量的增加用于计算颗粒物质量（PM）排放。车辆也将在其生命周期内进行检查，即由当局拉出以进行路边检查或在车库中进行强制性定期检查的车辆。在这种情况下，将通过免费加速测试评估烟雾。但是，所有这些测试都没有提供有关实际驾驶条件下车辆排放的任何相关信息。这仅在最近才受到监管。使用便携式排放测量系统（PEMS）测量道路上的颗粒物排放。自80年代以来，新型车辆的颗粒物排放量减少了两个数量级以上。微粒测量方法已达到其检测极限，因此，欧盟立法将微粒数（PN）浓度引入了新的度量标准。本文简要介绍了这些年来车辆的颗粒物排放法规。然后说明了已使用和当前正在使用的仪器，例如重量过滤器测量。此外，还分析了其他流行的方法和仪器，例如滤光片的化学分析，消光，散射和吸收仪器，电迁移率和颗粒计数仪器。对于不同的车辆排放水平，讨论了不同仪器的相关性。给出了用于低排放车辆的未来仪器的预测。

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