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Incidence and ecology of very fast germination

机译：快速发芽的发生率和生态

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A group of flowering plant species is known to germinate h less than 24h from imbibition, but this phenomenon is often overlooked in the current literature. Here, I review this topic by searching the literature published since 1967 and listing the 28 most detailed cases found. Of these, 20 are species of Amaranthaceae (all formerly treated as Chenopodiaceae); 15 of these are from the subfamily Salsoloideae, which is characterized by the possession of spiral embryos. The non-chenopods listed are small numbers of species from the families Acanthaceae, Cruciferae, Gramineae (one species) and Salicaceae (Populus and Salix). Seeds of the Salsoloideae contain fully differentiated embryos. On imbibition, the embryo cells elongate and the spiral embryo uncoils and ruptures the thin seed coat. This can occur in as little as 10 min. Nearly all of the families showing very fast germination have small to very small seeds and little or no endosperm. Most species have soft, thin seed coats that imbibe water readily. All are from high-stress habitats, either arid or saline or from active floodplains, where they can rapidly exploit temporarily favourable conditions for germination. They exhibit one of two contrasting germination behaviours, either having seeds which all germinate within a very short time of wetting or having seed persistence whereby small amounts of rain cause germination of small fractions of seed from a long-living soil seed bank. Serious confusion in the literature in the use of the term 'opportunistic' is pointed out and clarified.
机译：已知一组开花植物物种在吸水后不到24h即可发芽，但是这种现象在当前文献中经常被忽略。在这里，我通过搜索自1967年以来发表的文献并列出发现的28个最详细的案例来回顾这个主题。其中，20菜科有20种（以前都被称为藜科）。其中15个来自Salsoloideae亚科，其特征是拥有螺旋形胚胎。列出的非藜脚类动物是棘皮科，十字花科，禾本科（一种）和水杨科（杨和柳）的少数物种。 Salsoloideae的种子包含完全分化的胚。吸收后，胚细胞伸长，螺旋形胚解开并破裂薄种皮。这可能仅需10分钟即可发生。几乎所有显示出非常快发芽的家庭都有很小到非常小的种子，几乎没有胚乳。大多数物种具有柔软而薄的种皮，很容易吸收水分。它们全都来自干旱或盐分高应力的栖息地，或者来自活跃的洪泛区，在那里它们可以迅速利用暂时有利的发芽条件。它们表现出两种相反的发芽行为之一，要么具有全部在很短的润湿时间内发芽的种子，要么具有种子持久性，因此少量雨水会使长寿命土壤种子库中的一小部分种子发芽。指出并澄清了文献中使用“机会主义”一词的严重混淆。

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