Conventional breakwater construction typically utilizes a trapezoidal-shaped rubble mound cross-section,with pre-cast concrete surface elements(such as tetrapods)on the seaside.As the water depth(and/or the depth to the bearing soil layer)becomes deeper,the cross-sectional area of the breakwater increases rapidly,requiring a massive amount of rubble.Alternatively,gravity-type concrete caissons have also been used.However,since they have to be placed directly on top of the strong bearing soil layer,it becomes increasingly expensive,particularly when the soft sea-floor soil extends to a considerable depth.
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