In upstream oil and gas operations,saline water is co-produced with crude oil.On a global spectrum,it is estimated that three barrels of water are produced for every barrel of crude oil.As the asset matures,the ratio of water to crude oil produced begins to increase.In North America,the ratio is approaching 10:1.Treatment and disposal of produced water is becoming a leading economic factor in the viability assessment of the asset.This is especially so with offshore platforms where produced water must meet or exceed environmental regulations.
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