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Stem cell- and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches to osteochondral regenerative medicine

机译：基于干细胞和支架的组织工程方法用于骨软骨再生医学

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In osteochondral tissue engineering, cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and patterning are critical for forming biologically and structurally viable constructs for repair of damaged or diseased tissue. However, since constructs prepared ex vivo lack the multitude of cues present in the in vivo microenvironment, cells often need to be supplied with external biological and physical stimuli to coax them toward targeted tissue functions. To determine which stimuli to present to cells, bioengineering strategies can benefit significantly from endogenous examples of skeletogenesis. As an example of developmental skeletogenesis, the developing limb bud serves as an excellent model system in which to study how osteochondral structures form from undifferentiated precursor cells. Alongside skeletal formation during embryogenesis, bone also possesses innate regenerative capacity, displaying remarkable ability to heal after damage. Bone fracture healing shares many features with bone development, driving the hypothesis that the regenerative process generally recapitulates development. Similarities and differences between the two modes of bone formation may offer insight into the special requirements for healing damaged or diseased bone. Thus, endogenous fracture healing, as an example of regenerative skeletogenesis, may also inform bioengineering strategies. In this review, we summarize the key cellular events involving stem and progenitor cells in developmental and regenerative skeletogenesis, and discuss in parallel the corresponding cell- and scaffold-based strategies that tissue engineers employ to recapitulate these events in vitro.
机译：在软骨组织工程中，细胞募集，增殖，分化和模式化对于形成生物学和结构上可行的构建体以修复受损或患病的组织至关重要。但是，由于离体制备的构建体缺乏体内微环境中存在的多种线索，因此通常需要向细胞提供外部生物和物理刺激，以诱使它们实现靶向组织功能。为了确定向细胞呈现哪种刺激，生物工程策略可以从骨骼生成的内源性实例中显着受益。作为发育性骨骼生成的一个例子，发育中的肢芽是一个极好的模型系统，可在其中研究未分化的前体细胞如何形成骨软骨结构。除了胚胎形成过程中的骨骼形成外，骨骼还具有先天的再生能力，在损伤后显示出显着的治愈能力。骨折愈合与骨骼发育具有许多特征，从而推动了这样的假说，即再生过程通常可以概括发育。两种骨形成方式之间的相似性和差异性可以帮助您了解修复受损或患病骨骼的特殊要求。因此，作为再生骨骼生成的一个例子，内源性骨折愈合也可以为生物工程策略提供参考。在这篇综述中，我们总结了在发育和再生骨骼生成中涉及干细胞和祖细胞的关键细胞事件，并平行讨论了组织工程师用来在体外概括这些事件的相应的基于细胞和支架的策略。

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