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Visuohaptic Discrimination of 3D Gross Shape

机译：3D总体形状的触觉识别

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摘要

Human sensitivity to 3D gross shape changes was measured for the visual and haptic sensory channels. Three volume-invariant affine transformations were defined: compressing, shearing and stretching. Partici-pants discriminated a reference 3D object (cube or sphere) from its deformed shape under three experimental conditions: visual only (on a computer monitor), haptic only (through a point-contact force-feedback device) and visuohaptic simulations. The results indicate that vision is more sensitive to gross shape changes than point-based touch, and that vision dominated in the visuohaptic condition. In the haptic alone condition, thresholds were higher for shearing and stretching than for compressing. Thresholds were otherwise sim-ilar for the three transformations in the vision only or visuohaptic conditions. These trends were similar for the two shapes tested. A second experiment, conducted under similar conditions but preventing partic-ipants from manipulating object orientations, verified that the main conclusion of our research still holds when visual inspection can rely only on a single perspective view of the object. Our earlier studies on 3D visuohaptic watermarking showed that the haptic channel is more sensitive to surface texture and rough-ness changes than vision. The thresholds from the present and our earlier studies can potentially be used as the upper limits for selecting watermark strengths in order to ensure watermark imperceptibility in a 3D visuohaptic watermarking system.
机译：测量了视觉和触觉感觉通道对3D总体形状变化的人类敏感性。定义了三个体积不变的仿射变换：压缩，剪切和拉伸。参与者在以下三个实验条件下将参考3D对象（立方体或球体）从其变形形状中进行了区分：仅视觉（在计算机监视器上），仅触觉（通过点接触力反馈设备）和视觉触觉模拟。结果表明，视觉对总体形状的变化比基于点的触摸更敏感，并且视觉在视觉触觉条件下占主导地位。在单独的触觉条件下，剪切和拉伸的阈值高于压缩的阈值。在其他方面，仅在视觉或视觉上的条件下，阈值与三个转换相似。对于测试的两个形状，这些趋势相似。在相似的条件下进行的第二项实验却阻止了参与者操纵对象的方向，这证明了当目视检查只能依靠对象的单个视角时，我们的研究的主要结论仍然成立。我们对3D视觉触觉水印的早期研究表明，触觉通道比视觉对表面纹理和粗糙度变化更敏感。目前和我们先前研究的阈值可以潜在地用作选择水印强度的上限，以确保3D视觉水印系统中水印的不可感知性。

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