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Advanced treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by nanofiltration process: Effects of operating conditions on membrane fouling

机译：纳滤工艺深度处理制浆造纸厂废水：操作条件对膜污染的影响

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摘要

In this study, the application of two-step nanofiltration (NF) process was investigated in the purification of biologically treated pulp and paper wastewater for the purpose of reuse. In the first step, the effect of operating conditions such as pH, temperature, transmembrane pressure and volume reduction factor (VRF) on the membrane fouling was investigated using FM NP010 membrane. Membrane fouling was minimized by optimizing the operating conditions using Taguchi experimental design method. The smaller-the-better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was used to analyze the results of experiments. Flux decline caused by fouling was selected as response parameter. The best results were obtained at third level of pH (10), first level of temperature (25 °C), first level of transmembrane pressure (12bar) and third level of VRF (4) which provided minimum flux decline caused by fouling (11%). Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the results indicated that transmembrane pressure has significant effect on membrane fouling, while VRF shows very little effect on membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was further examined in terms of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Under the optimized conditions, 91% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 92% total hardness and 98% sulphate removal were achieved using FM NP010 membrane. Also the obtained permeate is colorless and free from suspended solids. However, chloride and conductivity were partially removed. In the second step, FM NPO30 membrane was used to provide better permeate quality like actual process water. Membrane fouling was also investigated in terms of flux decline, contact angle measurements and SEM analysis in this step. As a conclusion, the water produced by two step NF treatment of biologically treated pulp and paper industry meets the quality of actual process water.
机译：在这项研究中，研究了两步纳滤（NF）工艺在生物处理过的纸浆和造纸废水的提纯中的应用，以达到再利用的目的。第一步，使用FM NP010膜研究pH，温度，跨膜压力和体积减小因子（VRF）等操作条件对膜污染的影响。通过使用Taguchi实验设计方法优化操作条件，可最大程度地减少膜污染。更好的信噪比（S / N）用于分析实验结果。选择由结垢引起的通量下降作为响应参数。在第三级pH（10），第一级温度（25°C），第一级跨膜压力（12bar）和第三级VRF（4）处获得了最佳结果，这提供了由结垢引起的最小通量下降（11） ％）。根据方差分析（ANOVA），结果表明跨膜压力对膜污染有显着影响，而VRF对膜污染的影响很小。进一步通过原子力显微镜（AFM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析检查了膜污染情况。在最佳条件下，使用FM NP010膜可实现91％的化学需氧量（COD），92％的总硬度和98％的硫酸盐去除率。同样，所获得的渗透物是无色的并且没有悬浮固体。然而，氯化物和电导率被部分除去。在第二步中，使用FM NPO30膜来提供像实际工艺用水一样的更好的渗透质量。在此步骤中，还根据通量下降，接触角测量和SEM分析研究了膜污染。结论是，生物处理过的纸浆和造纸工业的两步NF处理产生的水符合实际工艺用水的质量。

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