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Sex identification in birds

机译：鸟类性别鉴定

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Visually identifying the sex of a bird can be difficult. It cannot be done in half the world's species when they are adults, and virtually none can be sexed as chicks. Despite this, the sex of a bird is vital for aviculture, scientific research, and conservation. Over the years, surgery and chromosome inspection have been used for sex identification. At present, these techniques are being eclipsed by the use of DNA. DNA can be used because a male bird has two Z sex chromosomes, whereas the female has a Z and a W. Consequently, the presence of a W unique DNA sequence will identify a bird as female. However, the isolation of a W-linked marker can be laborious. this is being remedied through the use of two DNA amplification reactions, known as random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphs (AFLP). Unfortunately, the markers they yield are often nonfunctional DNA. This type of DNA is a mild parasite and makes up about 95% of the genome. It also evolves rapidly so that a test based on such a sequence will only work in a single species or a few close relatives, More recently, a W-linked gene has been found. This is named CHD1-W and it evolves far more slowly than nonfunctional DNA. It can be used to sex all birds,barring ratites such as the ostrich. The technique is simple, cheap, and efective. To conclude, DNA sex identification is demonstrated in three situations: an experiment that has shown that birds can control the sex of their offspring; a race to identify the sex of the last wild Spix's Macaw from moulted feather; and as a valuable aid to breeding in zoos.
机译：从视觉上识别鸟类的性别可能很困难。成年后，这不可能在全世界一半的物种中完成，而且几乎没有人可以像小鸡一样被定性。尽管如此，鸟类的性别对于航空养殖，科学研究和保护至关重要。多年来，外科手术和染色体检查已用于性别鉴定。目前，这些技术已被DNA的使用所取代。可以使用DNA，因为雄鸟具有两个Z性染色体，而雌鸟则具有Z和W。因此，W独特的DNA序列的存在将识别出鸟为雌性。但是，分离W连锁标记可能很费力。通过使用两个DNA扩增反应（称为多态性DNA的随机扩增（RAPD）和片段长度多态性（AFLP））来纠正这一问题。不幸的是，它们产生的标记通常是无功能的DNA。这种类型的DNA是温和的寄生虫，约占基因组的95％。它也迅速发展，因此基于这种序列的测试仅在单个物种或几个近亲中起作用。最近，发现了W连锁基因。这被称为CHD1-W，它的进化比无功能的DNA慢得多。它可用于对所有鸟类进行性交，禁止诸如鸵鸟等平胸。该技术简单，便宜且有效。总而言之，在三种情况下证明了DNA性别识别：一项实验表明，鸟类可以控制其后代的性别;一场从换羽的羽毛中识别出最后一个野生尖刺金刚鹦鹉性别的竞赛;并作为在动物园中繁殖的宝贵帮助。

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