Empowering Through Cluster Development: The lion's share of production in most of the developed countries is accounted for by the small and medium enterprises. India is gearing up to raise output from this sector significantly to those levels, says

N N Sachitanand

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Empowering Through Cluster Development: The lion's share of production in most of the developed countries is accounted for by the small and medium enterprises. India is gearing up to raise output from this sector significantly to those levels, says

机译：通过集群发展赋权：在大多数发达国家中，最大的生产份额由中小型企业承担。印度正在加速将这一部门的产出大幅提高到这些水平

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With a contribution of 40 per cent to the country's industrial output and 35 per cent to direct exports, India's SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) sector is the key driver in the nation's economic growth. In terms of employment, this sector plays a very crucial role, being the second largest employer (some 20 million persons) after agriculture. This is important in a country where a significant portion of the population is below 25 years of age and the annual addition to the labour force is homogenous XOne of the peculiar charac- teristics of this sector is the existence and persistence of clusters. The term 'cluster' indicates a sectoral and geographical concentration of enterprises, which produce and sell a range of related products and are, thus, faced with common challenges and opportunities. These clusters have been in existence for decades and sometimes even centuries.

机译：印度的中小企业（中小型企业）部门对该国的工业产值贡献40％，对直接出口贡献35％，是该国经济增长的主要驱动力。在就业方面，该部门发挥着至关重要的作用，成为仅次于农业的第二大雇主（约2000万人）。在这个国家中，很大一部分人口年龄在25岁以下，并且每年劳动力的增加是同质的，这一点很重要。X部门的独特特征之一是集群的存在和持久性。 “集群”一词表示企业在行业和地理上的集中度，这些企业生产和销售一系列相关产品，因此面临共同的挑战和机遇。这些集群已经存在了数十年，有时甚至是几个世纪。

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《Cashew Bulletin》 |2007年第5期|共5页
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N N Sachitanand;
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1. Empowering Through Cluster Development: The lion's share of production in most of the developed countries is accounted for by the small and medium enterprises. India is gearing up to raise output from this sector significantly to those levels, says [J] . N N Sachitanand Cashew Bulletin . 2007,第5期

机译：通过集群发展赋权：在大多数发达国家中，最大的生产份额由中小型企业承担。印度正在加速将这一部门的产出大幅提高到这些水平
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4. Financial Development and the Distributional Effects of Monetary Policy Do the distributional consequences of monetary policy depend on the extent of financial development? Should optimal monetary policy vary across countries? In order to answer these questions, we develop a monetary growth production model with heterogeneous agents. In our economy, optimal policy needs to weigh the effects of policy across two groups — capital owners and individuals who hold liquid assets. While banks help limit the exposure to inflation, there are limits because money alleviates the frictions of private information and limited communication. In this environment, we compare two economies that are identical in every aspect except for their level of financial development. In a country with limited financial development, a stock market is absent. In the other, an equity market is active. In either economy, inflation adversely affects capital formation and output. Individuals who hold liquid assets are always adversely affected by inflation, but the attitude of capital owners depends on the level of financial development. In particular, in the presence of a stock market, the impact of inflation on the welfare of capital owners is non-monotonic. Nevertheless, optimal monetary policy is always more conservative at higher levels of financial development. [O] . TINA M. Edgar A. Ghossoub, TINA M. Robert R. Reedy 100

机译：金融发展和货币政策的分配效应货币政策的分配后果是否取决于金融发展的程度？各国的最优货币政策应该不同吗？为了回答这些问题，我们开发了一个具有异构代理的货币增长生产模型。在我们的经济中，最优政策需要权衡两个群体的政策效应 - 资本所有者和持有流动资产的个人。虽然银行帮助限制通胀风险，但存在限制，因为资金减轻了私人信息的摩擦和有限的沟通。在这种环境下，我们比较两个经济体在各个方面都是相同的，除了它们的金融发展水平。在金融发展有限的国家，缺乏股票市场。另一方面，股票市场活跃。在任一经济体中，通胀都会对资本形成和产出产生不利影响持有流动资产的个人总是受到通货膨胀的不利影响，但资本所有者的态度取决于金融发展的水平。特别是，在股票市场存在的情况下，通货膨胀对资本所有者福利的影响是非单调的。尽管如此，在较高的金融发展水平下，最优货币政策总是更加保守。

Empowering Through Cluster Development: The lion's share of production in most of the developed countries is accounted for by the small and medium enterprises. India is gearing up to raise output from this sector significantly to those levels, says

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