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Physical principles of row covers and grow tubes with application to small fruit crops

机译：行盖和种管的物理原理及其在小型水果作物上的应用

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Protected cultivation has been used to modify the microclimate to advance maturity, increase yields, and expand areas of production for many horticultural crops. Ancillary benefits of protected cultivation can include reduced numbers of pests and lower disease pressure. This discussion will limit the term "protected cultivation" to row covers, low tunnels, and individual plant shelters ("grow tubes"), addressing their applications in the production of small fruit. The foremost biological response of crops grown under protected cultivation is an increase in growth rate, induced primarily by elevated soil and air temperatures within the shelter and around the plant. The protected environment often has lower vapor pressure deficits between crop and atmosphere, resulting in less plant stress. Although many reports detail the biological responses of crops grown under protected cultivation, few include measurements of environmental variables within plant shelters. Understanding the physical principlesgoverning microclimate modification by row covers and grow tubes is essential for effective use of these materials. The optical properties of a covering material and its porosity largely determine the cover's influence on plant growth and development. Optical properties and cover porosity will be discussed in terms of heat transfer between the crop and its environment. The benefits of row covers and grow tubes have been most dramatic in cool or maritime climates where their use can extend the growing season or make possible the production of warm-season crops. Technological advancements in plasticulture could lead to 'prescription' plastics, where covers with specific optical properties and ventilation characteristics are made available for site- and crop-specific applications, particularly small fruits.
机译：保护栽培已被用来改变微气候，以提高成熟度，增加产量并扩大许多园艺作物的生产面积。保护性耕作的附带好处可以包括减少害虫数量和降低疾病压力。该讨论将把“受保护的栽培”一词限于行盖，低矮的隧道和单独的植物庇护所（“种植管”），以解决它们在小果实生产中的应用。在受保护的耕作条件下种植的作物最重要的生物学反应是生长速率的提高，这主要是由庇护所内和植物周围土壤和空气温度升高引起的。受保护的环境通常在作物和大气之间的蒸汽压差较低，从而减轻了植物的压力。尽管许多报告都详细介绍了在受保护的耕作条件下种植的农作物的生物学响应，但很少有报告对植物庇护所内的环境变量进行测量。了解通过行盖和生长管控制微气候变化的物理原理对于有效使用这些材料至关重要。覆盖材料的光学性质及其孔隙率在很大程度上决定了覆盖物对植物生长和发育的影响。光学特性和覆盖孔隙率将根据农作物及其环境之间的热传递进行讨论。在凉爽或海洋气候中，行盖和长管的好处最为显着，在这种情况下，行盖和长管的使用可以延长生长期或使暖季作物的生产成为可能。塑化技术的进步可能会导致“处方”塑料的发展，在这种塑料中，具有特定光学特性和通风特性的覆盖物可用于特定地点和特定作物的应用，尤其是小型水果。

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