• 主题
高级搜索  >
历史搜索 清空历史
首页> 外文期刊>Social science and medicine >The relative contribution of income inequality and imprisonment to the variation in homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries.
【24h】

The relative contribution of income inequality and imprisonment to the variation in homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries.

机译：发达国家（OECD），南美和中美洲国家收入不平等和监禁对凶杀率变化的相对贡献。

获取原文
获取原文并翻译 | 示例
           
页面导航
  • 摘要
  • 著录项
  • 相似文献
  • 相关主题

摘要

Homicide rates vary widely across and within different continents. In order to address the problem of violence in the world, it seems important to clarify the sources of this variability. Despite the fact that income inequality and imprisonment seem to be two of the most important determinants of the variation in homicide rates over space and time, the concomitant effect of income inequality and imprisonment on homicide has not been examined. The objective of this cross-sectional ecological study was to investigate the association of income inequality and imprisonment with homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries. A novel index was developed to indicate imprisonment: the Impunity Index (the total number of homicides in the preceding decade divided by the number of persons in prison at a single slice in time). Negative binomial models were used to estimate rate ratios of homicides for young males and for the total population in relation to Gini Index and Impunity Index, controlling for infant mortality (as a proxy for poverty levels), Gross Domestic Product per-capita, education, percentage of young males in the population and urbanization. Both low income inequality and low impunity (high imprisonment of criminals) were related to low homicide rates. In addition, we found that countries with lower income inequality, lower infant mortality (less poverty), higher average income (GDP per-capita) and higher levels of education had low impunity. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that both low income inequality and imprisonment of criminals, independent of each other and of other social-structural circumstances, may greatly contribute to the reduction in homicide rates in South and Central American countries, and to the maintenance of low levels of homicides in OECD countries. The Impunity Index reveals that countries that show greater commitment to education and to distribution of income also show greater commitment to punish serious criminal behavior.
机译：跨大陆和跨大陆的凶杀率差异很大。为了解决世界上的暴力问题，弄清这种变化的根源似乎很重要。尽管收入不平等和监禁似乎是凶杀率随时间和空间变化的两个最重要的决定因素，但收入不平等和监禁对凶杀的伴随影响尚未得到检验。这项跨部门生态研究的目的是调查发达国家（OECD），南美和中美洲国家的收入不平等和监禁与凶杀率之间的关系。制定了一种新的指标来表明有监禁：有罪不罚指数（前十年的凶杀总数除以同一时间在监狱中的人数）。负二项式模型用于估计年轻男性和总人口的凶杀率与基尼系数和有罪不罚指数的关系，控制婴儿死亡率（代表贫困水平），人均国内生产总值，人口和城市化进程中年轻男性的百分比。低收入不平等和低有罪不罚现象（高罪犯的有期徒刑）均与低凶杀率有关。此外，我们发现，收入不平等程度较低，婴儿死亡率较低（贫困程度较低），平均收入较高（人均GDP）和教育水平较高的国家不受惩罚的程度较低。我们的结果与以下假设相吻合：低收入不平等和罪犯的监禁，彼此独立以及不受其他社会结构情况的影响，可能会极大地降低南美和中美洲国家的凶杀率，并有助于维持经合组织国家的凶杀率很低。有罪不罚指数显示，对教育和收入分配表现出更大承诺的国家也对惩罚严重的犯罪行为表现出更大的承诺。

著录项

相似文献

  • 外文文献
  • 中文文献
  • 专利
获取原文

客服邮箱：kefu@zhangqiaokeyan.com

京公网安备：11010802029741号 ICP备案号：京ICP备15016152号-6 六维联合信息科技 (北京) 有限公司©版权所有

  • 客服微信

  • 服务号