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Transformation processes of alpine landscapes and policy responses: top-down and bottom-up views.

机译：高山景观的转变过程和政策对策：自上而下和自下而上的观点。

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摘要

The prevailing scientific and political consensus considers accelerated landscape transformations problematic and difficult to manage in a sustainable way. This article compares two possible views and responses: the traditional top-down view, and the increasingly promoted bottom-up view. Analysis of policy measures in the European Union and Alpine countries confirms that the top-down response is in many respects inadequate for achieving sustainable development. The bottom-up view is discussed here as an alternative, using the results of two research projects in the Alpine area to reveal the views of local people and to identify local governance capacity. Some empirical evidence about the effects of a participatory approach is provided by an analysis and evaluation of a set of "best practice" examples. The tentative conclusions support the introduction of a more bottom-up view, but also indicate that the most important success factor is adequate consideration of the socioeconomic context and local governance capacity.
机译：普遍的科学和政治共识认为，加速的景观改造存在问题，并且难以以可持续的方式进行管理。本文比较了两种可能的观点和对策：传统的自上而下的视图和日益推广的自下而上的视图。对欧洲联盟和阿尔卑斯山国家政策措施的分析证实，自上而下的反应在许多方面不足以实现可持续发展。这里以自底向上的观点作为替代方案进行了讨论，其中使用了阿尔卑斯地区的两个研究项目的结果来揭示当地人的观点并确定地方治理能力。通过分析和评估一组“最佳实践”示例，提供了有关参与式方法效果的一些经验证据。初步结论支持采用更自下而上的观点，但也表明最重要的成功因素是充分考虑社会经济背景和地方治理能力。

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