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首页> 外文期刊>Soil Research >Soil properties, black root-rot incidence, yield, and greenhouse gas emissions in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity.
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Soil properties, black root-rot incidence, yield, and greenhouse gas emissions in irrigated cotton cropping systems sown in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity.

机译：在土壤基质为钠的Vertosol中播种的灌溉棉花种植系统中的土壤特性，黑根腐病发生率，产量和温室气体排放。

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摘要

Comparative studies of soil quality and energy use in two- and three-crop rotations in irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems under varying stubble management practices in Australian Vertosols are sparse. Our primary objective was to quantify selected soil quality indices (salinity, sodicity, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH), crop yields, and greenhouse gas emissions in four irrigated cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in a Vertosol with subsoil sodicity near Narrabri in north-western New South Wales. A secondary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of sowing vetch in rotation with cotton over a long period on the incidence of black root-rot in cotton seedlings. Results: presented in this report pertain to the period June 2005-May 2011. The experimental treatments were: cotton-cotton; cotton-vetch (Vicia benghalensis L.); cotton-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), where wheat stubble was incorporated; and cotton-wheat-vetch, where wheat stubble was retained as in-situ mulch. Vetch was terminated during or just before flowering by a combination of mowing and contact herbicides, and the residues were retained as in-situ mulch. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC1:5), Cl-, NO3--N, exchangeable cations, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrochemical stability index (=EC1:5/ESP), and EC1:5/ESC (exchangeable sodium concentration) were evaluated in samples taken from the 0-1.2 m depth before sowing cotton during late September or early October of each year. Incidence of black root-rot was assessed 6 weeks after sowing cotton. Compared with sowing cotton every year, including wheat in cotton-based cropping systems improved cotton yield and reduced soil quality decline, emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e) per unit area, and CO2-e emissions per unit of cotton yield. Including vetch in the rotation was of negligible benefit in terms of yield and CO2-e emissions per unit of yield. The rate of soil quality decline was unaffected by including vetch in a cotton-wheat rotation but was accelerated when included in a cotton-cotton sequence. Among all cropping systems, soil quality was best with cotton-wheat and cotton-wheat-vetch but poorest with cotton-vetch. Although CO2-e emissions associated with growing 1ha of cotton could be reduced by 9% by growing vetch because of substituting fixed atmospheric N for N fertiliser derived from fossil fuels, this advantage was partly negated by the emissions from farming operations associated with growing a vetch crop. Relative to a two-crop rotation (one cotton-one rotation crop), negligible benefits in terms of yield, soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and black root-rot control accrued from a three-crop rotation (one cotton-two rotation crops). Incidence of black root-rot increased as the number of cotton crops sown increased. In addition to the cropping systems, soil quality indices and yield were significantly influenced by irrigation water quality and climate.
机译：在澳大利亚Vertosols中，在不同的茬茬管理实践下，基于灌溉棉花（ Gossypium hirsutum L.）的耕作系统在两次和三次轮作中土壤质量和能源利用的比较研究很少。我们的主要目标是量化在四个灌溉用棉花种植的永久性土壤上种植的带有地下土壤的Vertosol上的四种灌溉棉花种植系统中的土壤质量指数（盐度，碱度，可交换阳离子，硝酸盐N，pH），作物产量和温室气体排放量在新南威尔士州西北的纳拉布里附近。次要目标是评估长期播种的紫花etch草与棉花轮作对棉花幼苗黑根腐病的发生率。结果：本报告中介绍的时间段为2005年6月至2011年5月。 -子（ Vicia benghalensis L.）;装有麦茬的棉小麦（ Triticum aestivum L.）;以及小麦-紫，菜，将麦茬留作原地覆盖。通过割草和接触除草剂的组合，紫etch在开花期间或开花刚结束时终止，残留物保留为原地覆盖物。土壤pH，电导率（EC 1：5 ），Cl -，NO 3 - -N，可交换评估阳离子，可交换钠百分比（ESP），电化学稳定性指数（= EC 1：5 / ESP）和EC 1：5 / ESC（可交换钠浓度）在每年的9月下旬或10月初播种棉花之前，在0-1.2 m的深度取样。播种棉花6周后评估黑根腐烂的发生率。与每年播种的棉花相比，包括棉花种植系统中的小麦，提高了棉花产量，减少了土壤质量的下降，单位面积的二氧化碳当量（CO 2 -e）排放量和CO 2 -e排放。就产量和每单位产量的CO 2 -e排放而言，在轮作中包括紫etch菜的好处微不足道。土壤质量下降的速度不受在小麦-小麦轮作中包括紫etch病的影响，但是当包括在棉花-棉花序列中时则加速。在所有耕作系统中，土壤质量以棉麦和紫麦田最好，但以棉田最差。尽管由于用固定的大气中的氮代替化石燃料产生的氮肥，通过种植紫花could草，与种植1公顷棉花有关的CO2-e排放量可以减少9％，但这种优势在一定程度上被种植紫花etch草的农业生产所产生的排放所抵消。作物。相对于两作物轮作（一种棉花一轮作物），在三作物轮作（一棉两轮作物）上在产量，土壤质量，温室气体排放和黑根腐病控制方面的收益微不足道。 ）。黑根腐病的发生率随播种的棉花作物数量的增加而增加。除耕作制度外，灌溉水质和气候还对土壤质量指数和单产产生重大影响。

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