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Evaluation of the effects of cation combinations on soil hydraulic conductivity

机译：阳离子组合对土壤导水率的影响评估

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Effects of soil solution cation concentrations and ratios on hydraulic properties must be understood in order to model soil water flow in reactive soils or develop guidelines for sustainable land application of wastewater. We examined effects of different ratios and concentrations of the cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, using hydraulic conductivity measurements in repacked soil cores, as an indicator of soil structural stability. We examined widely used indicessodium, potassium, and monovalent cation absorption ratios (SAR, PAR, MCAR)-which assume that the flocculating effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ are the same, and the dispersive effects of Na+ and K+ are the same. Our laboratory measurements indicate that at any given values of MCAR, the reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity with decrease in electrolyte concentration are not identical for different cation combinations in solution. The hydraulic conductivity curves showed a marked lateral shifting for both the surface and subsurface soils from a winery wastewater application site. This indicates that MCAR is inadequate as a soil stability parameter in soil solutions containing a mixture of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+.We employed an unpublished equation that was proposed by P. Rengasamy as a modified index of soil stability for mixed cation combinations, using calculated relative flocculating powers of different cations ('CROSS', cation ratio of structural stability). Our observation of lateral shift in hydraulic conductivity measurements at any value of MCAR appears to relate to changes in CROSS values for all cation combinations tested, except for K-Mg solutions, for which a more generalised CROSS equation with modified parameters seems more suitable for calculating the CROSS value. Appropriate modified parameters for use in this generalised CROSS equation were determined empirically, using the experimental data.We derived a combination of threshold electrolyte concentration and CROSS values required to maintain high hydraulic conductivity for the soils at a winery wastewater application site. The potential use of this relationship in developing management practices for sustainable wastewater management at the site is discussed. Further research on the applicability of CROSS and generalised CROSS equations for other soils in the presence of different mixed cation combinations is needed.
机译：必须了解土壤溶液阳离子浓度和比例对水力性能的影响，以便对反应性土壤中的土壤水流进行建模或制定可持续土地废水应用指南。我们使用重新包装的土壤核心中的水力传导率测量方法，研究了阳离子Ca2 +，Mg2 +，Na +和K +的不同比例和浓度的影响，作为土壤结构稳定性的指标。我们检查了广泛使用的钠，钾和一价阳离子吸收率指标（SAR，PAR，MCAR），这些指标假设Ca2 +和Mg2 +的絮凝效果相同，而Na +和K +的分散效果相同。我们的实验室测量表明，在任何给定的MCAR值下，溶液中不同阳离子组合的土壤水力传导率随电解质浓度的降低而降低的效果并不相同。水力传导率曲线显示来自酿酒厂废水应用地点的表层土壤和地下土壤的明显横向位移。这表明在含有Na +，K +，Ca2 +和Mg2 +的混合溶液中，MCAR不足以作为土壤稳定性参数。 ，使用计算得出的不同阳离子的相对絮凝能力（“ CROSS”，结构稳定性的阳离子比率）。我们观察到的在任何MCAR值下的水力传导率测量值的横向位移似乎都与测试的所有阳离子组合的CROSS值的变化有关，除了K-Mg溶液外，对于该溶液，更广义的CROSS方程具有修改后的参数似乎更适合于计算交叉值。使用实验数据凭经验确定了适用于此广义CROSS方程的适当修改参数。我们得出了阈值电解质浓度和CROSS值的组合，以维持酿酒厂废水应用现场土壤的高导水率。讨论了这种关系在制定管理实践以实现现场可持续废水管理中的潜在用途。需要进一步研究CROSS和广义CROSS方程在存在不同混合阳离子组合的情况下对其他土壤的适用性。

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