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首页> 外文期刊>Soil Science Society of America Journal >Impacts of Biochar and Other Amendments on Soil-Carbon and Nitrogen Stability: A Laboratory Column Study
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Impacts of Biochar and Other Amendments on Soil-Carbon and Nitrogen Stability: A Laboratory Column Study

机译：生物炭和其他修订对土壤碳和氮稳定性的影响：实验室专栏研究

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There have been a large number of recent soil incubation studies examining the potential of biochar as a soil amendment tool for enhancing soil fertility and C sequestration. However, direct comparisons of biochar's effects to that of other nontraditional soil amendments are lacking. In addition, most soil incubation studies with biochar examined gaseous emissions in closed systems that do not allow for water flow through (i.e., leaching). Thus, three amendments-humic acid (HA), water treatment residual (WTR), and biochar produced from oak at 650 degrees C were incubated with Crosby silt-loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs) soil at a rate of 1% (w/w) in triplicated soil-columns. Effects of biochar and the other amendments on gaseous (CH4, CO2, and N2O) emissions and leaching of total organic C (TOC), NO3-, and NO2- were simultaneously monitored over a 257-d incubation period. Biochar-amended soil had reduced mean cumulative leaching of TOC by 30%, nitrate by 33%, and nitrite by 34%, compared to the control (control: 93, 75, and 2 mg kg(-1) for TOC, nitrate, and nitrite, respectively), likely due to sorption by the biochar. The WTR-amended soil exhibited similar leaching trends; however, HA-amended soil leached significantly greater (p < 0.05) TOC than either WTR or biochar. No amendments had any significant impact on gaseous emissions due to the high variability within each treatment. We hypothesize that the labile C and N compounds, which otherwise become emitted by microbial activity and produced significant differences in treatments, were probably leached out from the system as both leaching and gaseous sampling events took place at the same time due to the experimental settings employed. Thus, it is probable that the labile C and N compounds most likely to be oxidized and emitted in gaseous forms in any closed system incubations were either protected via mineral sorption or lost as leachate in the open column system in the present experiment. Considering both leaching and gaseous losses, C and N mean residence times (MRT) of 50 and 15 yr were calculated for the biochar-amended soil compared to 28 and 12 yr for the control, and 518 and 1.5 million years considering only gaseous losses, respectively. These findings show that estimates of soil-C and N stability that do not take into account aqueous losses of these elements (leaching) may tremendously overestimate C and N-MRT. Comparison with a field study using the same soil and amendment types suggests that analyses from laboratory incubation may serve as reliable proxies for trends in field soil responses to amendments.
机译：最近有大量的土壤温育研究，研究了生物炭作为增强土壤肥力和固碳的土壤改良剂的潜力。然而，缺乏将生物炭的作用与其他非传统土壤改良剂的作用进行直接比较。此外，大多数利用生物炭进行的土壤温育研究都是在不允许水流过（即浸出）的封闭系统中检查气体排放。因此，将三种改性剂-腐殖酸（HA），水处理残留物（WTR）和在650摄氏度下由橡木生产的生物炭与Crosby淤泥壤土（细的，混合的，活性的，中性的Aeric Epiaqualfs）土壤温育在一起。一式三份的土壤柱中占1％（w / w）。在257天的温育期内，同时监测了生物炭和其他修正物对气态（CH4，CO2和N2O）排放以及总有机碳（TOC），NO3-和NO2-浸出的影响。与对照相比，经生物炭改良的土壤与有机碳相比，有机碳的TOC的平均累积浸出量减少了30％，硝酸盐减少了33％，亚硝酸盐减少了34％（对照：TOC，硝酸盐，硝酸盐，硝酸盐，镁，草木和亚硝酸盐），可能是由于生物炭的吸附。 WTR改良的土壤表现出相似的浸出趋势。但是，HA改良土壤的TOC浸出率显着高于WTR或生物炭（p <0.05）。由于每种处理方法之间的高度可变性，没有任何修正案对气体排放产生任何重大影响。我们假设不稳定的C和N化合物（否则会由于微生物活动而散发出来并在处理过程中产生显着差异）很可能会从系统中滤出，因为由于采用了实验设置，同时发生了滤出和气体采样事件。因此，在本实验中，在任何封闭系统温育条件下，最有可能被氧化并以气态形式释放的不稳定的C和N化合物很可能受到矿物吸附的保护，或者由于渗滤液而损失。考虑到淋失和气体损失，经生物炭改良的土壤的C和N平均停留时间（MRT）分别为50和15年，而对照为28和12年，而仅考虑气体损失为518和150万年，分别。这些发现表明，不考虑这些元素的水分损失（淋溶）而对土壤C和N稳定性的估计可能会大大高估C和N-MRT。与使用相同土壤和改良剂类型的田间研究的比较表明，实验室培养的分析可以作为田间土壤对改良剂反应趋势的可靠代表。

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