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Analysis of Accuracy of Biaxial Tests Based on their Computational Simulations

机译：基于计算模拟的双轴测试精度分析

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Design of biaxial tension testing rig has a significant influence on quality of the measured stress-strain data. The paper analyses the effect of test parameters on the accuracy of results. Finite element simulations of biaxial tension tests were realized, and the resulting stress-strain curves (evaluated in the same manner as in real experiments) compared with the input ones by means of coefficient of determination R-2. The investigated parameters were type (hooks or narrow clamps), number (2 divided by 5) and size (0.25 divided by 5mm) of gripping elements, specimen size (18 divided by 33mm), testing protocol (different displacement ratios) and specimen material (healthy artery, aneurysm tissue, elastin and intraluminal thrombus). Numerical results were compared with experiments on porcine aortas carried out with two clamps and four hooks per edge. Experiments were evaluated with respect to the obtained quality of fit and maximum achievable stresses under equibiaxial load. Two or three hooks and two narrow clamps per edge give the best accuracy for small specimens. Larger hook diameter increases the accuracy for low numbers of hooks. Non-equibiaxial protocols show worse accuracy than equibiaxial ones. For large specimens, four and five hooks are the best choice. The experiments revealed that higher stresses can be induced by two clamps setup (median 433 versus 257kPa in circumferential direction and median 454 versus 333kPa in axial direction). Quality of the fit was slightly but consistently higher with the four hooks setup (mean R-2=0.984 versus 0.9797). The number of gripping elements should be chosen with respect to the need to ensure uniform force distribution along the specimen edge. Both narrow clamps and hooks achieved a comparable accuracy regardless of material. High numbers of hooks and wide clamps should be avoided for small specimens. Compared with hooks, use of narrow clamps allowed us to reach higher load until specimen rupture.
机译：双轴拉力试验台的设计对所测应力-应变数据的质量有重大影响。本文分析了测试参数对结果准确性的影响。实现了双轴拉伸试验的有限元模拟，并通过确定系数R-2将所得的应力-应变曲线（以与实际实验相同的方式评估）与输入的进行了比较。研究的参数包括类型（钩子或窄夹具），数量（2除以5）和尺寸（0.25除以5mm），试样尺寸（18除以33mm），测试规程（不同的位移比）和试样材料（健康的动脉，动脉瘤组织，弹性蛋白和腔内血栓）。将数值结果与猪主动脉的实验进行了比较，该实验使用两个夹具和每个边缘四个钩子进行。关于在等双轴载荷下获得的配合质量和最大可达到的应力，对实验进行了评估。每个边缘两个或三个钩子和两个窄夹钳可为小型样品提供最佳精度。较大的钩直径可增加数量较少的钩的精度。非等轴协议的准确性比等轴协议差。对于大样本，四个和五个挂钩是最佳选择。实验表明，通过两个夹具设置（在圆周方向上的中值433对257kPa，在轴向上的中值454对333kPa）可以引起更高的应力。四个挂钩设置的配合质量略高但始终较高（平均值R-2 = 0.984对0.9797）。应根据确保沿试样边缘的力均匀分布的需要选择夹持元件的数量。无论材料如何，狭窄的夹具和挂钩都可达到可比的精度。对于小样本，应避免使用大量的挂钩和宽的夹具。与钩子相比，使用狭窄的夹具可使我们承受更高的载荷，直到样品破裂。

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