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Illegal drugs, anti-drug policy failure, and the need for institutional reforms in Colombia

机译：哥伦比亚的非法毒品，禁毒政策失败和体制改革的必要性

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摘要

This paper is inspired by two anomalies encountered in the study of the illegal drugs industry. First, despite the very high profits of coca/cocaine and poppy/opium/heroin production, most countries that can produce do not. Why, for example, does Colombia face much greater competition in the international coffee, banana, and other legal product markets than in cocaine And second, though illegal drugs are clearly associated with violence, why is it that illegal drug trafficking organizations have been so much more violent in Colombia and Mexico than in the rest of the world The answers to these questions cannot be found in factors external to Colombia (and Mexico). They require identifying the societal weaknesses of each country. To do so, the history of the illegal drugs industry is surveyed, a simple model of human behavior that stresses the conflict between formal (legal) and informal (socially accepted) norms as a source of the weaknesses that make societies vulnerable is formulated. The reasons why there is a wide gap between formal and informal norms in Colombia are explored and the effectiveness of anti-drug policies is considered to explain why they fail to achieve their posited goals. The essay ends with reflections and conclusion on the need for institutional change.
机译：本文的灵感来自非法药物行业研究中遇到的两个异常情况。首先，尽管古柯/可卡因和罂粟/鸦片/海洛因的生产具有很高的利润，但大多数可以生产的国家却没有。例如，为什么哥伦比亚在国际咖啡，香蕉和其他合法产品市场上比可卡因面临更大的竞争？其次，尽管非法毒品显然与暴力有关，但为什么非法毒品贩运组织如此之多？哥伦比亚和墨西哥比世界其他地方的暴力更为严重。在哥伦比亚（和墨西哥）以外的因素中找不到这些问题的答案。它们要求查明每个国家的社会弱点。为此，对非法药物行业的历史进行了调查，提出了一个简单的人类行为模型，该模型强调了正式（法律）规范和非正式（社会公认）规范之间的冲突，从而使社会变得脆弱。探究了哥伦比亚的正式和非正式规范之间存在巨大差距的原因，并考虑了禁毒政策的有效性，以解释为什么它们未能实现既定目标。本文以对制度变革的必要性的思考和结论作为结尾。

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