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Water and Food in the Twenty-First Century

机译:二十一世纪的水与食物

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摘要

In 2000, the World population was 6.2 billion people; it reached 7 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach 9.5 billion (+/- 0.4) in 2050 and 11 billion (+/- 1.5) in 2100, according to the 2012 UN projections (Gerland et al. in Science 346:234-237, 2014). The trend after 2100 is still one of the global demographic growths, but after 2060, Africa is the only continent where the population would still increase. The amount of water consumed annually to produce the food necessary to meet the needs of the populations varies greatly between countries, from about 600 to 2500 m(3)/year per capita (Zimmer in L'empreinte eau. Les faces cach,es d'une ressource vitale. Charles L,opold Meyer, Paris, 2013), depending on their wealth, their food habits, and the percentage of food waste they generate (on average, 30 % of the food produced is wasted). In 2000, the total food production was on the order of 3300 million tons (in cereal equivalents). In 2014, it is estimated that about 0.8 billion inhabitants of the planet suffer from hunger (FAO in World agriculture: towards 2030-2050. FAO, Rome, 2014. and do not get the nutrition they need to be in good health or, in the case of children, to grow properly (both physically and intellectually). This food deficit was on the order of 40 million tons of cereal equivalents in 2014. The number of inhabitants with a food deficit was about 0.85 billion before the 2008 crisis and was decreasing annually, but it increased abruptly after 2008 up to 1 billion inhabitants and is slowly decreasing now. Assuming a World average water consumption for food of 1300 m(3)/year per capita in 2000, 1400 m(3)/year in 2050, and 1500 m(3)/year in 2100, a volume of water of around 8200 km(3)/year was needed in 2000, 13,000 km(3)/year will be needed in 2050, and 16,500 km(3)/year in 2100 (Marsily in L'eau, un tr,sor en partage. Dunod, Paris, 2009). Can bioenergy be added to food production? Will that much water be available on Earth, and where will it come from? Is climate change going to modify the answers to these questions? Can severe droughts occur? Can there be conflicts related to a food deficit? Some preliminary answers and scenarios for food production will be given in this paper from a hydrologist's viewpoint.
机译:2000年,世界人口为62亿。根据2012年联合国的预测,这一数字在2012年将达到70亿,预计到2050年将达到95亿(+/- 0.4),在2100年将达到110亿(+/- 1.5)(德国等人,《科学》 346:234- 237,2014年)。 2100年以后的趋势仍然是全球人口增长的趋势之一,但是2060年之后,非洲是唯一仍将增加人口的大陆。各国每年为生产满足人口需求所需的食物而消耗的水量差异很大,从人均每年600到2500 m(3)/人(Zimmer in L'empreinte eau。 “资源的生命力。” Charles L,opold Meyer,巴黎,2013年),取决于他们的财富,饮食习惯以及所产生的食物浪费的百分比(平均浪费了30%的食物)。 2000年,粮食总产量约为33亿吨(以谷物当量计)。 2014年,据估计,地球上约有8亿居民遭受饥饿(粮农组织在世界农业中:到2030-2050年。粮农组织,罗马,2014年),无法获得维持身体健康所需的营养,或者在儿童的情况下,使其(身体和智力上)正常成长。2014年的粮食短缺量约为4,000万吨谷物当量。2008年危机之前,有粮食短缺的居民人数约为8.5亿。每年减少,但到2008年后突然增加,达到10亿人口,现在正缓慢减少。假设2000年世界食品人均饮水量为1300 m(3)/年,到2050年为1400 m(3)/年,并且在2100年达到1500 m(3)/年,2000年需要约8200 km(3)/年的水,到2050年将需要13,000 km(3)/年,而16,500 km(3)/ 2100年(Marsily in L'eau,un tr,sor enpartage。Dunod,Paris,2009)。生物能能被添加到粮食生产中吗? ater在地球上可用,它从哪里来?气候变化会改变这些问题的答案吗?会发生严重的干旱吗?会出现与粮食短缺有关的冲突吗?本文将从水文学家的角度给出食品生产的一些初步答案和方案。

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