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Japanese subcontracting in mainland China: a study of Toyota and Shanghai Koito

机译：日本在中国大陆的分包：对丰田和上海小ito的研究

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Purpose - The purpose of this article is to better understand Japanese manufacturing in mainland China and clarify how traditional Japanese subcontracting has changed and is changing to fit the economic environment there. Design/methodology/approach - This article looks at the subcontracting practices of the Toyota Group along with the evolution of Shanghai Koito's operations in mainland China. The research for this study was conducted from 1995-2003 and is based on visits to Toyota's China headquarters in Beijing and its technical center in Tianjin, Shanghai Koito Company, Sichuan Toyota, and Tianjin Toyota. Findings - When Japanese style subcontracting in mainland China is compared with that of traditional Japanese subcontracting, a stark contrast is revealed. First of all, it is clear that Japanese-affiliated enterprises in China are moving away from an insular, vertical subcontracting structure dominated by a single assembler. In the new subcontracting system, characteristic features - such as a broad customer base and localization - contrast with earlier features that included a substantial delegation of authority, regulated interfirm competition, and long-term relations. Research limitations/implications - This paper is based on two case studies and so, while its findings may be accurate for the companies in question, helpful for understanding Japan's auto industry in mainland China, and may be more widely applicable, the findings are unlikely to be universally applicable. Practical implications - With short-term guidance corresponding to the needs of localization and the effective use of cheap labor coming to the fore, the examples of Toyota and Shanghai Koito may provide helpful illustrations of the kind of adaptation needed to succeed in mainland China. In particular, by moving away from a reliance on its traditional Japanese customers for sales, Shanghai Koito seems to have positioned itself well to avoid the hardship of dwindling sales that other more traditionally oriented Japanese suppliers have begun to face. Moreover, its growing independence may be an important indicator of what the future may look like for Japanese manufacturing. Originality/value - Looking at the history of industrial development in East Asia, the adaptation of Japanese business practices to different economies in the region has been an important theme. This study provides an up-to-date review of a number of current issues facing Japanese automakers as they develop their operations in mainland China.
机译：目的-本文的目的是更好地了解中国大陆的日本制造业，并阐明传统的日本分包合同是如何变化的，并且正在发生变化以适应当地的经济环境。设计/方法/方法-本文着眼于丰田汽车集团的分包实践，以及上海小ito在中国大陆的业务发展。这项研究的研究是在1995年至2003年进行的，其基础是访问了位于北京的丰田中国总部及其在天津的技术中心，上海Koito公司，四川丰田和天津丰田。调查结果-将中国大陆的日式分包与传统的日本分包相比，形成了鲜明的对比。首先，很明显，在中国的日本关联企业正在摆脱由单个组装商主导的孤立的垂直分包结构。在新的分包系统中，具有特色的功能（例如广泛的客户群和本地化）与早期功能形成了鲜明的对比，早期功能包括大量授权，规范的公司间竞争和长期关系。研究的局限性/意义-本文是基于两个案例研究的，因此，尽管其发现对于所关注的公司而言可能是准确的，有助于理解日本在中国大陆的汽车行业，并且可能更广泛地适用于本研究，但该发现不太可能普遍适用。实际的意义-结合本地化需求和有效利用廉价劳动力的短期指导逐渐成为现实，丰田和上海小ito的例子可以为在中国大陆取得成功所需的适应方式提供有益的说明。尤其是，通过放弃对日本传统客户的依赖，上海小Ko似乎已经做好了自己的定位，避免了其他面向日本的传统供应商开始面临的销量下降的困境。此外，其日益增长的独立性可能是日本制造业未来前景的重要指标。原创性/价值-回顾东亚工业发展的历史，日本的商业惯例适应该地区不同经济体一直是一个重要主题。这项研究对日本汽车制造商在中国大陆发展业务时面临的许多当前问题进行了最新回顾。

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