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Thiol switches in redox regulation of chloroplasts: balancing redox state, metabolism and oxidative stress

机译：硫醇改变叶绿体的氧化还原调节：平衡氧化还原状态，代谢和氧化应激

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摘要

In photosynthesizing chloroplasts, rapidly changing energy input, intermediate generation of strong reductants as well as oxidants and multiple participating physicochemical processes and pathways, call for efficient regulation. Coupling redox information to protein function via thiol modifications offers a powerful mechanism to activate, down-regulate and coordinate interdependent processes. Efficient thiol switching of target proteins involves the thiol-disulfide redox regulatory network, which is highly elaborated in chloroplasts. This review addresses the features of this network. Its conditional function depends on specificity of reduction and oxidation reactions and pathways, thiol redox buffering, but also formation of heterogeneous milieus by microdomains, metabolite gradients and macromolecular assemblies. One major player is glutathione. Its synthesis and function is under feedback redox control. The number of thiol-controlled processes and involved thiol switched proteins is steadily increasing, e.g., in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, plastid transcription and plastid translation. Thus chloroplasts utilize an intricate and versatile redox regulatory network for intraorganellar and retrograde communication.
机译：在光合作用的叶绿体中，快速变化的能量输入，强还原剂和氧化剂的中间生成以及多种参与的理化过程和途径，要求有效的调节。通过硫醇修饰将氧化还原信息与蛋白质功能耦合提供了一种强大的机制来激活，下调和协调相互依赖的过程。目标蛋白的有效硫醇转换涉及硫醇-二硫键的氧化还原调节网络，该网络在叶绿体中高度复杂。这篇评论解决了该网络的功能。它的条件功能取决于还原和氧化反应和途径的特异性，硫醇氧化还原缓冲作用，还取决于微结构域，代谢物梯度和大分子组装形成异质环境。谷胱甘肽是一个主要的参与者。其合成和功能在反馈氧化还原控制下。例如在四吡咯生物合成，质体转录和质体翻译中，硫醇控制的过程和涉及的硫醇转换蛋白的数目稳定地增加。因此，叶绿体利用复杂而通用的氧化还原调节网络进行细胞内和逆行通讯。

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